Structure of floral nectaries and female-biased nectar production in protandrous species Geranium macrorrhizum and Geranium phaeum

Konarska, Agata; Masierowska, Marzena

doi:10.1007/s00709-019-01454-3

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The epidermis and nectary parenchyma contribute directly to nectar production and secretion, while the subnectary parenchyma appears to contribute indirectly to nectar production [88,89]. We also observed stomata distributed across the surface of the floral nectary, similar to previous reports for Ipomoea [50], Anemopaegma album [90], Viburnum opulus [91], Oenothera [92], and Geranium macrorrhizum and G. phaeum [93]. Galetto and Bernardello [50] described three types of stomata distribution along the nectary surface: uniform, only on the apex and base of the nectary, and only on the apex of the nectar; apical distribution was the most common type in their study, and also what we observed for A. siamensis.…”

Section: Floral Nectary Anatomy and Micromorphologysupporting

confidence: 90%

Pollination and Floral Biology of a Rare Morning Glory Species Endemic to Thailand, Argyreia siamensis

Jirabanjongjit

Traiperm

Sando³

et al. 2021

Plants

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Argyreia siamensis is extremely rare, and very little is known about its reproduction. The species has colorful flowers that seem likely to attract pollinators, but population sizes are typically small (<30 individuals). To determine whether poor reproduction contributes to its rarity, we investigated its mating system and potential pollinators in two populations. We also examined the staminal trichomes and floral nectary to investigate their role in pollinator attraction. The mating system was assessed with a bagging experiment and pollinator visits were recorded with action cameras. Additionally, we tested the staminal trichomes and floral nectary for terpenes and flavonoids and examined floral nectary micromorphology via scanning electron microscope and compound light microscope. Our results reveal that A. siamensis is self-incompatible and dependent on pollinators; the western population was pollinated by bees (Meliponini and Amegilla), while the eastern population was mainly pollinated by skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae). Both staminal trichomes and the floral nectary appear to contribute to pollinator attraction through the presence of terpenes and flavonoids (in both secretory structures) and nectariferous tissue and nectarostomata (in the nectary). Our results indicate that A. siamensis has reliable and effective pollinators and that insufficient pollination is likely not a primary cause of its rarity.

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Section: Floral Nectary Anatomy and Micromorphologysupporting

confidence: 90%

Pollination and Floral Biology of a Rare Morning Glory Species Endemic to Thailand, Argyreia siamensis

Jirabanjongjit

Traiperm

Sando³

et al. 2021

Plants

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“…The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis states that some mechanisms develop within a species in order to prevent breeding among related individuals and its damaging effects on fitness (Darwin 1876(Darwin , 1877Charlesworth and Charlesworth 1987). In dichogamous species, gender-biased nectar often occurs (Carlson and Harms 2006;Stpiczyn ´ska et al 2015;Konarska and Masierowska 2020), and this, according to the mentioned above hypothesis, may contribute to decrease geitonogamous selfing through its effects on a pollinator's behaviour (Carlson and Harms 2006). Our results suggest that the quality of nectar offered by the two sexually distinct floral phases may target different insect needs, thus affecting simultaneously different behavioural traits and ensuring an optimal pattern of visit among functionally different floral stages, unequally present in the population throughout the anthesic period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Minimal inbreeding is predicted when pollinators visit a small fraction of the open flowers on a plant (Iwasa et al 1995;Ohashi and Yahara 2001): this behaviour may be enhanced by within-plant variation in nectar, as occurs in plants showing gender-biased nectar production (Feinsinger 1978;Pyke 1978;Rathcke 1992). Despite many studies having already addressed the subject of gender-biased nectar composition, most of them investigated the existence of bias in relation to nectar volume or sugar content only (Langenberger and Davis 2002;Canto et al 2011;Fisogni et al 2011;Stpiczyn ´ska et al 2015;Anton 123 et al 2017;Jacquemart et al 2019;Konarska and Masierowska 2020) and few reported the observation of insect visit bias (Carlson and Harms 2006 and references therein).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-biased nectar targets different behavioural traits of flower visitors

et al. 2021

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Floral nectar is a chemically complex aqueous solution within which several secondary metabolites have been identified that affect attractiveness for pollinators. Understanding preferences and aversions to nectar quality in flower visitors is crucial since this may influence the patterns of insect floral visitation with consequences on the plant fitness. We hypothesise that nectar chemical variation through different floral sexual phases may affect the number of insect visits that each phase receives. The study was realized on a population of Echium vulgare L. growing in a natural area close to Bologna. Nectar was collected from functionally male and female flowers to investigate its chemical composition through the HPLC technique. A total of 200 min of behavioural observations on foraging insects was also carried out. Variation in nectar traits has been detected for the amino acid spectrum. The proportion of protein amino acids appeared to be significantly higher in male-phase flowers. This may explain the significantly higher number of visits on male flowers than expected observed for all bee taxa (except Hoplitis adunca females). Functionally male flowers presented higher concentrations of phenylalanine, whilst proline was Communicated by Philip Ladd.Marta Barberis and Gherardo Bogo have contributed equally to this paper.

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“…These nanoparticles seem to fuse to form the cuticle layer, as in tomato fruit epidermis (compare Figure 2 D, Figure 4 and the scheme in Domίnguez et al [ 66 ]). It is also worth noting that recent TEM studies of nectaries in Epidendrum [ 89 ], Geranium [ 90 ] and Prunus laurocerasus [ 91 ] flowers may point to the presence of cutinsomes, judging from the dark spherical structures located in the epidermal cell wall near the cuticle. Moreover, cutinsome-like structures were observed in the cell walls of the outermost endosperm layer of Olea europea 22 and 26 weeks after flowering [ 92 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Cutinsomes in Plant Cuticle Formation

Stępiński

Kwiatkowska

Wojtczak

et al. 2020

Cells

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The cuticle commonly appears as a continuous lipophilic layer located at the outer epidermal cell walls of land plants. Cutin and waxes are its main components. Two methods for cutin synthesis are considered in plants. One that is based on enzymatic biosynthesis, in which cutin synthase (CUS) is involved, is well-known and commonly accepted. The other assumes the participation of specific nanostructures, cutinsomes, which are formed in physicochemical self-assembly processes from cutin precursors without enzyme involvement. Cutinsomes are formed in ground cytoplasm or, in some species, in specific cytoplasmic domains, lipotubuloid metabolons (LMs), and are most probably translocated via microtubules toward the cuticle-covered cell wall. Cutinsomes may additionally serve as platforms transporting cuticular enzymes. Presumably, cutinsomes enrich the cuticle in branched and cross-linked esterified polyhydroxy fatty acid oligomers, while CUS1 can provide both linear chains and branching cutin oligomers. These two systems of cuticle formation seem to co-operate on the surface of aboveground organs, as well as in the embryo and seed coat epidermis. This review focuses on the role that cutinsomes play in cuticle biosynthesis in S. lycopersicum, O. umbellatum and A. thaliana, which have been studied so far; however, these nanoparticles may be commonly involved in this process in different plants.

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Structure of floral nectaries and female-biased nectar production in protandrous species Geranium macrorrhizum and Geranium phaeum

Cited by 16 publications

References 55 publications

Pollination and Floral Biology of a Rare Morning Glory Species Endemic to Thailand, Argyreia siamensis

Pollination and Floral Biology of a Rare Morning Glory Species Endemic to Thailand, Argyreia siamensis

Gender-biased nectar targets different behavioural traits of flower visitors

The Role of Cutinsomes in Plant Cuticle Formation

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