Hydrogenation
of CO2 to formic acid or formates is often
carried out using catalysts of the type H4Ru(PR3)3 (1). These catalysts are also active for
the reverse reaction, i.e., the decomposition of formic acid to H2 and CO2. While numerous catalysts have been synthesized
for reactions in both directions, the factors controlling the elementary
steps of the catalytic cycle remain poorly understood. In this work,
we synthesize a series of compounds of type H4Ru(P(C6H4R)3)3 containing both electron-donating
and electron-withdrawing groups and analyze their influence on the
kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of CO2 insertion and
deinsertion. The data are correlated with the catalytic performance
of the complexes through linear free-energy relationships. The results
show that formic acid dissociation from the catalyst is rate-determining
during CO2 hydrogenation, while deinsertion is critical
for the decomposition reaction.