Structure/Performance Relationships of Phosphorous and Carboxyl Containing Additives as Calcium Phosphate Crystal Growth Inhibitors

New Advances in Nanocrystalline Apatite Colloids Intended for Cellular Drug Delivery

“…Such molecules should however show some affinity for calcium phosphates in order to interact efficiently with the apatite surface. This can be anticipated, for example, by dealing with organic molecules exhibiting ionic end-groups like carboxylates, phosphates, or phosphonates, which are known to complex surface calcium ions . Besides, an electrostatic repulsive effect can be combined to the steric one by selecting molecules that exhibit additionally other ionic end-groups such as −NH 3 + (in addition to end-groups enabling the grafting to the particle surface).…”

“…The second option, i.e., a limitation in individual crystal size, can be envisaged by using a crystal growth inhibitor during the synthesis. Several inhibitory compounds have been identified for apatites. , Interestingly, organic molecules displaying anionic groups like carboxylate groups, phosphates, or phosphonates were shown to act also as inhibitors for apatite crystal growth . In this case, the inhibitory effect is thought to be linked to a complexation of calcium ions by these anionic functional groups, therefore making Ca 2+ less available for an interaction with phosphate ions for forming apatite.…”

Nanocrystalline apatites: The fundamental role of water

“…Although most of the data given above concern non-carbonated apatites, it is very likely that similar general conclusions can be made for their carbonated counterparts. Indeed, carbonate ions are known as growth inhibitors for apatite (Sallis 1998); a carbonated apatite exhibits a more developed hydrated surface layer than its non-carbonated counterpart for the same aging time in solution. In vivo, the ion exchange capabilities of apatite nanocrystals represent a way for bone mineral to be active in homeostasis.…”

A Crystallographically Characterized Nine-Coordinate Calcium−Phosphocitrate Complex as Calcification Inhibitor in Vivo

“…Calcium-containing crystal deposition diseases represent a group of clinically heterogeneous calcific diseases that are a significant source of morbidity . Phosphorylated carboxylic acids are powerful inhibitors of biological crystallization as it relates to those diseases . Phosphocitrate (PC), a naturally occurring compound (Chart ), is particularly potent.…”