Structure–property relationships of the thermal gelation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide/polyethylenimine mixtures in a semidilute regime

Ghriga, Mohammed Abdelfetah; Gareche, Mourad; Khodja, Mohamed; Andreu, Nathalie; Lebouachera, Seif El Islam; Khoukh, Abdelouahed; Drouiche, Nadjib; Grassl, Bruno

doi:10.1007/s00289-019-02817-9

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Jia et al [ 19 , 20 ] reported that the gel formed by high molecular weight HPAM and PEI showed better thermal stability than that formed by low molecular weight HPAM at 40 and 65 °C at the same concentration, due to its more complex network skeleton. The larger is the molecular weight of the polymer, the stronger is the gel strength [ 22 ]. The dosage of polymer with high molecular weight was relatively lower than that of low molecular weight polymer to obtain the same gel strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Thermal Gelation Behavior and Performance Evaluation of High Molecular Weight Nonionic Polyacrylamide and Polyethyleneimine Mixtures for In-Depth Water Control in Mature Oilfields

et al. 2020

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A delayed crosslinked polymer gel was developed for in-depth water control in mature oilfields. The thermal gelation behavior of nonionic polyacrylamide (NPAM) and PEI was investigated, and sodium citrate (NaCit) was selected as a new retarder to prolong the gelation time. The gelation performance of NPAM/PEI gel system can be adjusted by varying NPAM or PEI concentration, and a quadratic model is developed by statistical analysis, which predicts the gelation time of NPAM/PEI gel system. The obtained model shows high significance and good reliability, as suggested by the F-ratio of 175.16 and high adjusted R-square value (0.9732). The addition of NaCit exhibits a good delayed gelation effect on the NPAM/PEI gel system, better than that of NaCl. The decrease of the initial pH value of the gelling solution leads to the weaker gel viscosity and longer gelation time due to the protonation of amine groups on the PEI chains. Increasing temperature results in higher gel viscosity but shorter gelation time. The gel system in the presence of NaCit exhibits good compatibility with injection and formation water. A dense three-dimensional structure was observed in matured NPAM/PEI/NaCit gel, and it could keep stable below 160 °C. The gel system could effectively reduce the permeability (>95%) and restricted the flow of water after matured in natural cores.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the larger is the molecular weight, the shorter is the gelation time [ 22 ]. It is well known that the gelling solution prepared with high molecular weight PAM possesses high initial viscosity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Thermal Gelation Behavior and Performance Evaluation of High Molecular Weight Nonionic Polyacrylamide and Polyethyleneimine Mixtures for In-Depth Water Control in Mature Oilfields

et al. 2020

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“…As an in-expensive alternative, polyacrylamide (PAM) was utilized to replace the copolymer and terpolymer to crosslink with PEI, and the gel system composed of PEI and various polyacrylamides are suitable for wide temperature (23.3-130℃) [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. To ensure the gelling solution permeate deep into the formation, the inorganic salts, such as NaCl or NH4Cl, were added into the PAM/PEI gel system to delay the gelation time [16,17,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jia et al [19,20] reported that the gel formed by high molecular weight HPAM and PEI showed better thermal stability than that formed by low molecular weight HPAM at 40 and 65℃ at the same concentration, due to its more complex network skeleton. The larger the molecular weight of polymer, the stronger the gel strength [22]. The dosage of polymer with high molecular weight is relative lower than that of low molecular weight polymer to obtain the same gel strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Thermal Gelation Behavior and Performance Evaluation of High Molecular Weight Nonionic Polyacrylamide and Polyethyleneimine Mixtures for Indepth Water Control in Mature Oilfields

Qin¹,

Liao²,

Luo³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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A delayed crosslinked polymer gel was developed for indepth water control in mature oilfields. The thermal gelation behavior of nonionic polyacrylamide (NPAM) and PEI was investigated, and sodium citrate (NaCit) was selected as a new retarder to prolong the gelation time. The gelation performance of NPAM/PEI gel system can be adjusted by the variation of NPAM or PEI concentration, and a quadratic model was developed by statistical analysis, which predict the gelation time of NPAM/PEI gel system. The obtained model showed high significance and good reliability as suggested by the F-ratio of 175.16 and high adjusted R-square value (0.9732). The decrease of the initial pH value of gelling solution leads to the weaker gel viscosity and longer gelation time due to the protonation of amine groups on the PEI chains. Increasing temperature resulted in higher gel viscosity but shorter gelation time. The addition of NaCit showed a good delayed gelation effect on the NPAM/PEI gel system, and the gel system in the presence of NaCit exhibited a good compatibility with injected and formation water. A dense three-dimensional structure was observed in matured NPAM/PEI/NaCit gel, and it could keep stable below 150℃. The gel system could effectively reduce the permeability (>95%) and restricted the flow of water after matured in natural cores.

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Doubly cross‐linked polymer gels with ultra‐high‐thermal stability for hydrofracking

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Cross‐linked polymer gels have been commonly utilized in the hydraulic fracturing process for stimulating oil and gas production; however, their weak thermal stability still impedes their more broadly use. Here we report doubly cross‐linked polymer gel consists of a high‐viscosity friction reducer (HVFR), poly‐(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane‐sulfonic acid), and crosslinkers zirconium ion (Zr4+) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). The mixture solution of HVFR/Zr4+/PEI can be gelled spontaneously via heating to form double cross‐linked polymer gel due to the formation of physical and chemical crosslinks. The electrostatic interactions of Zr4+ and carboxylate moieties from HVFR to form first physically cross‐linked network at low temperature; the transamidation reaction between amide groups of HVFR and primary amines of PEI to generate second chemically cross‐linked network at high temperature. More significantly, the physical and chemical crosslinks can work synergistically to improve thermal stability of double cross‐linked polymer gel as compared to single cross‐linked polymer gel counterparts, which is capable of reaching fluid service temperatures up to 190°C. The double cross‐linked polymer gel features delayed crosslinking performance, the physically cross‐linked reaction of HVFR and Zr4+ occurs at approximately 52°C, while the onset of chemical crosslink of HVFR and PEI can be tuned from 154 to 180°C. Moreover, double cross‐linked polymer gel provides a high viscosity at ultra‐high temperatures, with remarkable heat‐ and shear‐resistance as well as proppant carrying capacity in hydrofracking process. The double cross‐linked polymer gel also can be completely broken with no apparent residues. This double cross‐linked polymer gel may provide a new approach for polymer gels used in ultra‐high‐temperature reservoirs.

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Structure–property relationships of the thermal gelation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide/polyethylenimine mixtures in a semidilute regime

Cited by 21 publications

References 59 publications

The Thermal Gelation Behavior and Performance Evaluation of High Molecular Weight Nonionic Polyacrylamide and Polyethyleneimine Mixtures for In-Depth Water Control in Mature Oilfields

The Thermal Gelation Behavior and Performance Evaluation of High Molecular Weight Nonionic Polyacrylamide and Polyethyleneimine Mixtures for In-Depth Water Control in Mature Oilfields

The Thermal Gelation Behavior and Performance Evaluation of High Molecular Weight Nonionic Polyacrylamide and Polyethyleneimine Mixtures for Indepth Water Control in Mature Oilfields

Doubly cross‐linked polymer gels with ultra‐high‐thermal stability for hydrofracking

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