Structured mixture proportioning for oil palm kernel shell concrete

Analysis of Lateritic Soil Reinforced with Palm Kernel Shells for Use as a Sub-Base Layer for Low-Traffic Roads

“…Palm kernel shells (PKS) are coarse aggregates, the identification parameters are generally: granular distribution, specific weight, apparent weight and water absorption after 24 h after immersion [12,14,19]. PKS has an thickness rang of 1.50 to 2.5 mm, a specific weight 1370 kg/m 3 , an apparent weight 5300 kg/m 3 and 620 kg/m 3 .…”

“…This quantity will be constantly increasing in view of the various actions carried out by successive governments to relaunch this sector which currently contributes only 43% of the demand and needs of fatty substances of plant origin in Benin [10,11]. Recently, several studies have dealt with the problem of the use of PKS as large aggregates to replace gravel for making structural concrete for buildings [12][13][14][15]. To date, few studies have been interested in the recovery of this waste (aggregates) in road engineering.…”

Mixture Proportioning for Oil Palm Kernel Shell

“…Taking into account the results obtained earlier, we could recommend a general mixture proportioning procedure as follows [9]:…”

“…As in Benin, OPKSs are available in large quantities in almost all tropical countries and the problem of managing OPKSs is posed almost in the same way. In such countries as Malaysia and Nigeria, several studies have been undertaken in the past 30 years with success in studying the mix design of structural lightweight concrete using OPKSs as aggregate [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Most mix design methods for OPKS concrete that satisfy the requirements of technical specifications for structural lightweight concrete were based on trial and error or on empirical methods because the methods based on the proven structured methods for normal and lightweight structural concrete with mineral aggregates had failed.…”

Estimation of Elastic Properties of Oil Palm Kernel Shell Concrete by Semianalytical Methods of Homogenisation

“…Because concrete is widely used in the elastic range of deformations in the structural design of elements, the knowledge of the MoE of concrete aids in avoiding excessive deformation of the structural elements, providing satisfactory serviceability and achieving the most cost-effective design [1]. Several authors have established that concrete made from oil palm kernel shell (OPKS) can be used as structural concrete in the elements of small-and mediumscale buildings [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. According to Alengaram et al [9], despite its importance as one of the key parameters in the design of structural elements, the MoE is one of the least researched areas in OPKS concrete.…”