“…The results related to the covariate variable, mathematics achievement, showed that mathematics achievement had a significant effect on the four SMS: mastery experience, vicarious experience, social persuasions, and physiological state. Some studies showed that self-efficacy affected mathematics achievement (Bonne & Johnston, 2016;Grigget al, 2018;Masitoh & Fitriyani, 2018;Schober et al, 2018;Tossavainen et al, 2019;Watson, 2015;Zimmerman et al, 2011) and that SMS affected academic achievement (Arslan, 2013;Choy, 2013;Kesan & Kaya, 2018;Ozcan & Kontas, 2020). This study indicated that mathematics achievement influenced SMS, and it is consistent with studies showing that academic achievement affects self-efficacy (Hwang et al, 2016;Talsma et al, 2018).…”