Students' Nutrition Literacy and the Existence of Health Care Providers in Iranian Schools

Abstract

Background: Murder is one of the public health problems. According to the WHO reports, murder is fourth leading cause of death among young people. The aim of this study was applying joint point regression model to study trend of homicide mortality in Iran, 2006-2016. Study design: A cross-sectional panel (pseudo-panel) study. Methods: Homicide data during 2006 to 2016 were extracted from Iranian legal medicine organization. Trends of homicide incidence were summarized by annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) using non-linear segmented regression model. Results: Totally, 26918 homicide cases occurred during the period from 2006 to 2016. The highest and lowest frequency was related to the 15-29 yr (46.5%) and 0-4 yr (1.5%) age groups, respectively. The homicide incidence rate of the country in 2016 was 2.81 per 100,000. The four provinces of Sistan & Baluchistan, Khuzestan, Kerman and Ilam had the highest incidence rate in 2016, respectively. During the study period, the incidence rate of homicide in Iran and men have been significantly decreased (APC: -2.8% (95% CI: -3.9, -1.7) and -3.2% (95% CI: - 4.5, -1.8) respectively (P<0.001)). Conclusion: The pattern of homicide rate has a downward trend in the country. Moreover, the varying observed trends in some provinces can be due to the variability in mental, geographical, socio-economic and cultural conditions in each region.

Nutrition and Food Literacy in the MENA Region: A Review to Inform Nutrition Research and Policy Makers

“…Table 2 presents the data extracted from each study. Among them, five were published in the year 2021 [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]; four in 2020 [ 33 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]; one in 2019 [ 47 ]; and two in 2018 [ 48 , 49 ]. Regarding the country of origin of the studies, one study was conducted in Lebanon [ 39 ], two studies were conducted in Palestine [ 40 , 41 ], and the nine remaining were performed in Iran [ 33 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ].…”

“…Among them, five were published in the year 2021 [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]; four in 2020 [ 33 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]; one in 2019 [ 47 ]; and two in 2018 [ 48 , 49 ]. Regarding the country of origin of the studies, one study was conducted in Lebanon [ 39 ], two studies were conducted in Palestine [ 40 , 41 ], and the nine remaining were performed in Iran [ 33 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. In addition, eight of the studies were assessing food and/or nutrition literacy among adolescents [ 33 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 49 ], while the remaining studies included adult participants [ 40 , 41 , 46 , 48 ].…”

“…Regarding the country of origin of the studies, one study was conducted in Lebanon [ 39 ], two studies were conducted in Palestine [ 40 , 41 ], and the nine remaining were performed in Iran [ 33 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. In addition, eight of the studies were assessing food and/or nutrition literacy among adolescents [ 33 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 49 ], while the remaining studies included adult participants [ 40 , 41 , 46 , 48 ]. Adolescents were considered as individuals aged between 10–19 years old, according to the recommended criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO) [ 50 ].…”

“…Besides, the sample size in the reviewed studies ranged between 101 and 803 participants. All in all, five studies assessed both the food literacy and nutrition literacy of the participants [ 33 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 47 ], whereas the remaining seven studies assessed nutrition literacy alone [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 ]. However, no studies solely addressed the food-literacy concept.…”

“…To assess food and nutrition literacy in the MENA countries, the Food and Nutrition Literacy Assessment Tool (FNLAT) and the Food and Nutrition Literacy Tool (FNLIT) were used on the reviewed studies. FNLAT was used on only one study [ 42 ], while FNLIT was used on five studies [ 33 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 47 ]. For nutrition-literacy assessment, six different tools were used: the Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument (NLAI) [ 39 ]; Newest Vital Sign (NVS) [ 40 ]; Nutrition Literacy Scale [ 41 ]; NLQ-20 [ 49 ]; Nutrition Literacy Instrument, developed in Turkey [ 48 ]; Evaluation Instrument of Nutrition Literacy on Adults (EINLA) [ 46 ].…”