Studies in Biennial Bearing II. A Review of the Literature

Singh, L. B.

doi:10.1080/00221589.1948.11513680

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…Specifically, they analyzed the dynamics predicted by mathematical models that assumed individual plants needed more resources to flower effectively than could be acquired in a single year. Depending on the difference between annual resource acquisition and resources needed for reproduction, individual plants were predicted to flower in alternate years, at longer intervals, or in erratic, ''chaotic'' patterns over time (see also Singh 1948 andMonselise andGoldschmidt 1982 for reviews of individual resource acquisition and alternate bearing in fruit trees). Satake and Iwasa used their model to explore the effects of pollen limitation Iwasa 2000, 2002a) and fluctuating resource availability (Satake and Iwasa 2002b) as factors that might lead to population-level reproductive synchrony.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many plant populations, reproductive output fluctuates widely from year to year . Fluctuations in seed output can directly affect plant population dynamics (Harper 1977, Crawley 1990, Watkinson 1997, competitive coexistence of plant species (Warner and Chesson 1985), rates of plant migration (Clark et al 2001), and population dynamics of florivores and seed consumers (Ostfeld et al 1996, Jones et al 1998, Koenig and Knops 2001, Selås 2001, as well as orchard productivity (Singh 1948, Davis 1957, Sparks 1974, Jonkers 1979, Monselise and Goldschmidt 1982. Much of our understanding of the ultimate, evolutionary causes of temporal fluctuations in plant reproduction comes from studies of mast seeding and alternate bearing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Corresponding Editor: O. N. Bjørnstad. 3 E-mail: ecrone@forestry.umt.edu productive effort over time. Similarly, many fruit and nut trees alternate between years of high and low reproduction, often synchronous over large spatial scales (Singh 1948, Monselise and Goldschmidt 1982, Crawley and Long 1995. Recent reviews (Kelly 1994, Kelly and Sork 2002 suggest that noticeably synchronous flowering and/or seed set are relatively common in plant populations (e.g., Waller 1979, Silvertown 1980, Brockie 1986, Kelly et al 1992, Donaldson 1993, Sork et al 1993, Kelly 1994, Koenig et al 1994, Lesica 1995, Tapper 1996, Koenig and Knops 1998, Selås 2000, Kelly and Sork 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Causes of Synchronous Flowering in Astragalus Scaphoides, an Iteroparous Perennial Plant

Crone

Lesica

2004

Ecology

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Temperature and precipitation determine the conditions where plant species can occur. Despite their significance, to date, surprisingly few demographic field studies have considered the effects of abiotic drivers. This is problematic because anticipating the effect of global climate change on plant population viability requires understanding how weather variables affect population dynamics. One possible reason for omitting the effect of weather variables in demographic studies is the difficulty in detecting tight associations between vital rates and environmental drivers. In this paper, we applied Functional Linear Models (FLMs) to long-term demographic data of the perennial wild-flower, Astragalus scaphoides, and explored sensitivity of the results to reduced amounts of data. We compared models of the effect of average temperature, total precipitation, or an integrated measure of drought intensity (standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, SPEI), on plant vital rates. We found that transitions to flowering and recruitment in year t were highest if winter/spring of year t was wet (positive effect of SPEI). Counterintuitively, if the preceding spring of year t À 1 was wet, flowering probabilities were decreased (negative effect of SPEI). Survival of vegetative plants from t À 1 to t was also negatively affected by wet weather in the spring of year t À 1 and, for large plants, even wet weather in the spring of t À 2 had a negative effect. We assessed the integrated effect of all vital rates on life history performance by fitting FLMs to the asymptotic growth rate, log(k t). Log(k t) was highest if dry conditions in year t À 1 were followed by wet conditions in the year t. Overall, the positive effects of wet years exceeded their negative effects, suggesting that increasing frequency of drought conditions would reduce population viability of A. scaphoides. The drought signal weakened when reducing the number of monitoring years. Substituting space for time did not recover the weather signal , probably because the weather variables varied little between sites. We detected the SPEI signal when the analysis included data from two sites monitored over 20 yr (2 9 20 observations), but not when analyzing data from four sites monitored over 10 yr (4 9 10 observations).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Causes of Synchronous Flowering in Astragalus Scaphoides, an Iteroparous Perennial Plant

Crone

Lesica

2004

Ecology

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“…Several studies reviewed by Singh (1948) suggested that fruit thinning 30 days or more after bloom was rarely successful for control of alternate bearing. In the 1940s, bloom-thinning studies were not conducted since hand thinning earlier than FB +30 days was impractical.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many factors have been studied that may influence return bloom, e.g., seed number (Chan and Cain, 1967), leaf-to-fruit ratio (Harley et al, 1942), pruning technique (heading cuts vs thinning cuts) (Roberts, 1952), time of thinning (Jones et al, 1992), defoliation (Fulford, 1960), plant growth regulators (Byers and Barden, 1976;Byers and Carbaugh, 1991;Byers et al, 1990;Greene et al, 1977;Miller 1988;Unrath and Whitworth, 1991;Williams, 1972Williams, , 1994, soil moisture, vegetative growth inhibitors, multiple applications of ethephon (Byers, 1993), foliar nutrients, rootstocks, root pruning, tree age, etc. (see reviews by Buban and Faust, 1982;Dennis, 1979Dennis, , 1986Harley et al, 1942;Jonkers, 1979;Luckwill, 1970;Monselise and Goldschmidt, 1982;Singh, 1948).…”

Section: Abstract Apple Fruit Thinning Flowering Alternate Bearingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Thinning Time on Yield, Fruit Size, and Return Bloom of ‘York’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees

Byers

Carbaugh

2002

Journal of Tree Fruit Production

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In 1994, heavily flowering 'York' apple trees (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) selected for 80% or more of spurs flowering were hand thinned to a crop density (CD) of approximately 7 fruit/cm 2 trunk cross-sectional area (FCSA) at bloom, petal fall, or up to 61 days after bloom. This thinning did not result in an adequate return bloom even for a partial crop in 1995. Heavily flowering 'Golden Delicious'/M.26 trees were treated similarly in 1994 and responded with more flowering in 1995 than 'York'/M.26 trees. In 1995, a different group of heavily flowering 'York'/M.26 trees were hand thinned to a CD of 3 to 5 FCSA at bloom and at 7 day intervals up to 35 days AFB. Thinning at bloom or 7 days after full bloom (4.5 mm fruit diameter) resulted in much greater return bloom in 1996 than any other thinning. In 1995, 'Golden Delicious'/M.26 trees were treated similarly to 'York'/M.26 and responded similarly in 1996 with the greatest return bloom resulting from bloom thinning with somewhat less return bloom from thinning 7 or 14 days after full bloom and dramatically reduced return bloom. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH.

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Crop Load Interactions in Apple

Wünsche

Ferguson

2004

Horticultural Reviews

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Studies in Biennial Bearing II. A Review of the Literature

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Causes of Synchronous Flowering in Astragalus Scaphoides, an Iteroparous Perennial Plant

Causes of Synchronous Flowering in Astragalus Scaphoides, an Iteroparous Perennial Plant

Effects of Thinning Time on Yield, Fruit Size, and Return Bloom of ‘York’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees

Crop Load Interactions in Apple

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