“…Similarly, the total number of species at sites 1 and 2 (four and three, respectively) is extremely low: in the upper, clean reaches of the Nethravathi River, twenty-two species were found (Sridhar & Kaveriappa, 1989b), and comparable numbers occur in several unpolluted streams in the same area (Sridhar, Chandrashekar & Kaveriappa, 1992). Lower species diversity of aquatic hyphomycetes in organically polluted stream reaches has been reported in a majority of studies (Greathead, 1961;Conway, 1970;Kreisel & Manoharachary, 1983;Burgos & Castillo, 1986;Czeczuga, Brzozowska & Woronowicz, 1990;Au, Hodgkiss & Vrijmoed, 1992b), but no such decline was observed by van der Merwe & Jooste (1988) and Suberkropp et al (1988). The decisive factor may be the effect of organic pollutants on oxygen content of the stream water: aquatic hyphomycetes are rare or absent on leaves turned black in the absence of oxygen (authors' unpublished observation).…”