Formation damage due to fines migration is a threshold type process in that there exists a critical condition at which a petroleum reservoir is susceptible to formation damage. This paper presents a physical model for predicting the critical condition for particle deposition based on experimental data and trajectory analysis. Suspensions (bentonite, kaolinite) were passed through a capillary (100 m) at a controlled flow rate and at the same time, pressure drop across the capillary was monitored. Based on the log jam effect a criterion is proposed to predict the critical condition for particle deposition in porous media.
Introduction
Petroleum reservoirs contain particles of loose solid materials in the pore surfaces. These particles, often called fines, are not held physically in place by natural cementing material that binds larger sand grains together, instead they are individual particles located at the interior surfaces of the porous matrix. Thus, these particles are free to migrate through the pores along with the fluids that flow in the reservoir.
The migration or movement of fines in a sandstone reservoir is usually triggered by the contact of the formation with an incompatible fluid. During migration, these fines are not carried all the way through the formation by the fluids, instead they concentrate at pore restrictions. If certain conditions are met, these particles bridge pore restrictions which leads to pore plugging and a large reduction in permeability. Numerous experimental studies have been conducted on core plugs to understand the factors controlling the migration of the fines in a porous medium (Muecke, 1979; Gruesbeck and Collins, 1982; Egbogah, 1984; Sarkar and Sharma, 1988; O'melia and Stum, 1967, Gabriel and Inamdar, 1983, Rahman et al., 1994). Although a quantitative assessment cannot be made based on core analysis, it is, however, recognised that deposition of fines at pore restrictions largely depends on: particle to pore size ratio, concentration of particles, fluid flow rate, ionic activity of pore fluids and fluid phases present in pores.
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