Studies of Urea‐assisted Wool Dyeing

Kilpatrick, D. J.; Rattee, I. D.

doi:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1977.tb03314.x

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Numerous articles have been published on the interaction of urea with dyes and keratin fibers 2–9. The function of urea in low temperature dyeing is considered to be disaggregation of anionic dyes,2 swelling of wool,3, 4 and removal of a part of the hydrophobic material from the surface of the cuticle layer 5, 6. However, the actual function of urea cannot be clarified because of the complexity of its mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Book review

Derhak¹

2012

Color Research & Application

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In order to investigate the diffusion behavior of poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) into keratin fibers, cross‐sectional samples of bleached white human hair treated with PEI were prepared. We were successful in developing a method for analyzing the diffusion behavior of PEI into human hair, which to our knowledge is a first. The diffusion pattern of PEI into human hair, which cannot be determined by optical microscopy, can be determined by our method. After the treatment, the cross‐sectioned hair samples were dyed with Orange II and the cross‐sectional intensity scans were measured at a wavelength of 487 nm (λmax of Orange II) with a microspectrophotometer. In our method, the diffusion pattern of PEI at pH 11.1 showed Fickian type characteristics. This suggests that the diffusion coefficient of PEI is essentially independent of the PEI concentration. By calculating the diffusion coefficient from the PEI concentration profile, the diffusion coefficient of PEI [number‐average molecular weight (Mn) = 300 and 600] into the bleached human hair was found to be on the order of 10−10 cm2/s. In addition, the diffusion coefficient of PEI (Mn = 600) with urea added increased twofold in comparison with that of PEI without urea added. This experiment demonstrated that urea acts as a penetration accelerator for PEI. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 65–71, 2005

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Book review

Derhak¹

2012

Color Research & Application

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“…There does seem to be some difference in behaviour between solvent-scoured whole fibres, from a virgin wool fleece, and fibres from yarns or woven fabrics. The results of Kilpatrick and Rattee [6] suggest only a marginal decrease in swelling in 400 g/l urea relative to water for undamaged wool, whereas Asquith and Booth [3] claim a drop in diameter swelling from 10.7% in water to 2.7% in 300 g/l urea. In a joint paper [4] the diameter swelling is reported to fall from 11% in water to 7% in 410 g/l urea.…”

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confidence: 95%