Studies on photochemical reaction of air pollutants. X. Identification of nitrophenols in suspended particulates.

Nojima, Kazuhiro; Kawaguchi, Akihiro; Ohya, Takeshi; Kanno, Saburo; Hirobe, Masaaki

doi:10.1248/cpb.31.1047

Cited by 75 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…The only primary emission data available for nitrophenols are isolated measurements of some vehicle exhausts, reported to be up to the mg m −3 range (Nojima et al, 1983;Tremp et al, 1993). There are no inventory data.…”

Section: Field Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the pathways of tropospheric nitrophenol formation from benzene and phenol using a multiphase model

2005

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Abstract. Phenols are a major class of volatile organic compounds (VOC) whose reaction within, and partitioning between, the gas and liquid phases affects their lifetime within the atmosphere, the local oxidising capacity, and the extent of production of nitrophenols, which are toxic chemicals. In this work, a zero-dimension box model was constructed to quantify the relative importance of different nitration pathways, and partitioning into the liquid phase, of mono-aromatic compounds in order to help elucidate the formation pathways of 2-and 4-nitrophenol in the troposphere. The liquid phase contributed significantly to the production of nitrophenols for liquid water content (L c ) values exceeding 3×10 −9 , and for a range of assumed liquid droplet diameter, even though the resultant equilibrium partitioning to the liquid phase was much lower. For example, in a "typical" model scenario, with L c =3×10 −7 , 58% of nitrophenol production occurred in the liquid phase but only 2% of nitrophenol remained there, i.e. a significant proportion of nitrophenol observed in the gas phase may actually be produced via the liquid phase. The importance of the liquid phase was enhanced at lower temperatures, by a factor ∼1.5-2 at 278 K c.f. 298 K. The model showed that nitrophenol production was particularly sensitive to the values of the rate coefficients for the liquid phase reactions between phenol and OH or NO 3 reactions, but insensitive to the rate coefficient for the reaction between benzene and OH, thus identifying where further experimental data are required.

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Section: Field Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the pathways of tropospheric nitrophenol formation from benzene and phenol using a multiphase model

2005

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“…Due to the good correlation with levoglucosan, Iinuma et al (2010) pointed out that NCs could be a reasonable tracer for biomass burning events. In addition to biomass burning, other combustion activities (e.g., coal, gasoline) are possible sources of nitrated phenols (Nojima et al, 1983;Tremp et al, 1993;Yan et al, 2015); their contributions, however, have not yet been well evaluated. Furthermore, nitrated phenols have been used as pesticides in some farmlands and are widely used as raw materials in industrial processes (Harrison et al, 2005a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of fine particulate nitrated phenols in four sites in northern China: concentrations, source apportionment, and secondary formation

Wang

et al. 2018

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Filter samples of fine particulate matters were collected at four sites in northern China (urban, rural, and mountain) in summer and winter, and the contents of nine nitrated phenols were quantified in the laboratory with the use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. During the sampling periods, the concentrations of particulate nitrated phenols exhibited distinct temporal and spatial variation. On average, the total concentration of particulate nitrated phenols in urban Jinan in the wintertime reached 48.4 ng m −3 , and those in the summertime were 9.8, 5.7, 5.9, and 2.5 ng m −3 in urban Jinan, rural Yucheng and Wangdu, and Mt. Tai, respectively. The elevated concentrations of nitrated phenols in wintertime and in urban areas demonstrate the apparent influences of anthropogenic sources. The positive matrix factorization receptor model was then applied to determine the origins of particulate nitrated phenols in northern China. The five major source factors were traffic, coal combustion, biomass burning, secondary formation, and aged coal combustion plume. Among them, coal combustion played a vital role, especially at the urban site in the wintertime, with a contribution of around 55 %. In the summertime, the observed nitrated phenols were highly influenced by aged coal combustion plumes at all of the sampling sites. Meanwhile, in remote areas, contributions from secondary formation were significant. Further correlation analysis indicates that nitrosalicylic acids were produced mostly from secondary formation that was dominated by NO 2 nitration.

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“…Nitrophenols are semi-volatile compounds that have been proposed to be formed specifically through the reactions of benzene and alkylbenzenes such as toluene and xylenes (Atkinson, 2000;Forstner et al, 1997;Hamilton et al, 2005;Jang and Kamens, 2001;Sato et al, 2007). Methylnitrophenols have also been reported to be primary emissions in one study (Tremp et al, 1993) and 4-nitrophenol was found to be emitted in vehicle exhaust in small quantities (Nojima et al, 1983). While a range of alkylnitrophenols have been observed in the atmosphere in the particle phase as well as in the gas phase (Cecinato et al, 2005;Morville et al, 2004), the yield of alkylnitrophenols from VOC oxidation and their contribution to secondary organic aerosols (SOA) is highly uncertain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method for the determination of concentration and stable carbon isotope ratios of atmospheric phenols

et al. 2013

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Abstract.A method for the determination of the stable carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrophenols in the gas and particulate phases is presented. It has been proposed to use the combination of concentration and isotope ratio measurements of precursor and product to test the applicability of results of laboratory studies to the atmosphere. Nitrophenols are suspected to be secondary products formed specifically from the photooxidation of volatile organic compounds. XAD-4 TM resin was used as an adsorbent on quartz filters to sample ambient phenols using conventional high volume air samplers at York University in Toronto, Canada. Filters were extracted in acetonitrile, with a HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) clean-up step and a solid phase extraction step prior to derivatization with BSTFA (bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide). Concentration measurements were done with gas chromatographymass spectrometry and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry was used for isotope ratio analysis.The technique presented allows for atmospheric compound-specific isotopic composition measurements for five semi-volatile phenols with an estimated accuracy of 0.3-0.5 ‰ at atmospheric concentrations exceeding 0.1 ng m −3 while the detection limits for concentration measurements are in the pg m −3 range. Isotopic fractionation throughout the entire extraction procedure and analysis was proven to be below the precision of the isotope ratio measurements. The method was tested by conducting ambient measurements from September to December 2011.

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Studies on photochemical reaction of air pollutants. X. Identification of nitrophenols in suspended particulates.

Cited by 75 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of the pathways of tropospheric nitrophenol formation from benzene and phenol using a multiphase model

Evaluation of the pathways of tropospheric nitrophenol formation from benzene and phenol using a multiphase model

Observations of fine particulate nitrated phenols in four sites in northern China: concentrations, source apportionment, and secondary formation

Method for the determination of concentration and stable carbon isotope ratios of atmospheric phenols

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