Studies on the Composition of Bovine Blood as Influenced by Gestation, Lactation, and Age

Kennedy, Wadaran L.; Anderson, Arthur K.; Bechdel, S. I.; Shigley, J.F.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(39)92881-x

Cited by 27 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…At 6 months the concentration was still considerably higher than that in the adult cow. In this connection, Kennedy et al (1939) have reported a high concentration of blood glucose in calves during the first week after birth with a gradual decrease to the adult level by I year of age. Total protein increased from the lowest to the highest values over the first 2 days after birth, whereas the haematocrit decreased markedly during the first week and then increased gradually over the next 3 months (see Table 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Changes in the Concentration of Lipids and Some Other Constituents in the Blood Plasma of Calves from Birth to 6 Months of Age

Shannon¹,

Lascelles²

1966

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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SummaryThis paper describes the changes in concentration of the major lipid fractions, glucose, and protein in plasma from the jugular vein of six calves from birth to 6 months of age. Changes in haematocrit over this period are also presented. Two-to threefold increases were observed in the plasma concentration of total fat, phospholipids, free cholesterol, and cholesterol esters within the first week after birth, with a further increase until 1 month of age. The concentration of these lipids remained high between 1 and 3 months of age but was lower in samples collected subsequently. Plasma triglycerides, glucose, and total protein increased from their lowest to their highest values over the first 2 days after birth. The haematocrit decreased markedly during the first week after birth and then increased somewhat over the next 3 months. The concentration of free fatty acids was relatively high in samples collected at birth but had halved in value by 2 days of age with a further gradual decrease over the next few months. The ratio of free : total cholesterol decreased from a value of approximately 0·27 at birth to 0·20 at 15 days of age, after which it remained constant.The results suggested that, in the new-born calf, glucose reserves were quickly exhausted and free fatty acids were an important source of energy at this time.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Changes in the Concentration of Lipids and Some Other Constituents in the Blood Plasma of Calves from Birth to 6 Months of Age

Shannon¹,

Lascelles²

1966

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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“…The synovial fluid that bathes the superficial cartilage is a blood plasma filtrate with glucose concentrations not exceeding that of blood. An average blood glucose level of 2.9 mM was reported for adult heifers by Kennedy et al (1939), with a range of 2.6–4 mM recorded from over 300 measurements. Figure 5A demonstrates that the oxygen consumption rate of each chondrocyte subpopulation increased significantly below a threshold glucose concentration that lies between 2.1 and 3 mM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Both superficial and deep zone articular chondrocyte subpopulations exhibit the crabtree effect but have different basal oxygen consumption rates

Heywood

Knight

Lee

2010

Journal Cellular Physiology

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In the absence of in vivo measurements, the oxygen concentration within articular cartilage is calculated from the balance between cellular oxygen consumption and mass transfer. Current estimates of the oxygen tension within articular cartilage are based on oxygen consumption data from full-depth tissue samples. However, superficial and deep cell subpopulations of articular cartilage express intrinsic metabolic differences. We test the hypothesis that the subpopulations differ with respect to their intrinsic oxygen consumption rate. Chondrocytes from the full cartilage thickness demonstrate enhanced oxygen consumption when deprived of glucose, consistent with the Crabtree phenomena. Chondrocyte subpopulations differ in the prevailing availability of oxygen and glucose, which decrease with distance from the cartilage-synovial fluid interface. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that the oxygen consumption of each subpopulation is modulated by nutrient availability, by examining the expression of the Crabtree effect. The deep cells had a greater oxygen consumption than the superficial cells (V(max) of 6.6 compared to 3.2 fmol/cell/h), consistent with our observations of mitochondrial volume (mean values 52.0 vs. 36.4 microm(3)/cell). Both populations expressed the Crabtree phenomena, with oxygen consumption increasing approximately 2.5-fold in response to glycolytic inhibition by glucose deprivation or 2-deoxyglucose. Over 90% of this increase was oligomycin-sensitive and thus accounted for by oxidative phosphorylation. The data contributes towards our understanding of chondrocyte energy metabolism and provides information valuable for the accurate calculation of the oxygen concentration that the cells experience in vivo. The work has further application to the optimisation of bioreactor design and engineered tissues.

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“…It has been known for some time that the blood sugar level of the young calf is much greater than that of the adult bovine (Kennedy, Anderson, Bechdel & Shigley, 1939). The decline in the blood sugar level occurs in the first weeks of life, and McCandless & Dye (1950) have suggested that it results from the development of the rumen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrate utilization in the pre-ruminant calf

Siddons¹,

Smith²,

Henschel³

et al. 1969

Br J Nutr

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I . Changes in blood sugar levels after giving carbohydrates have been used to assess carbo-2. Glucose, galactose and lactose were readily utilized by all calves; the utilization of glucose 3. Maltose and fructose utilization was low in young calves and increased slightly with age. 4. Sucrose and starch were not utilized. 5. Studies with three older pre-ruminant calves (aged 53, 88 and 106 days) in which the carbohydrates were infused into the proximal duodenum showed that glucose, galactose, lactose and xylose all caused marked increases in the level of blood reducing sugar, whereas fructose and sucrose caused no increase, and maltose was intermediate. Xylose and galactose caused very little change in the blood glucose concentration.6. It appeared that preferential uptake occurred of glucose from a glucose-galactose mixture. 7.A non-linear relationship was found between the concentration of glucose or galactose hydrate utilization in pre-ruminant calves aged between 10 and 50 days.and galactose increased with age, whereas that of lactose remained constant.infused and the increase in the level of blood reducing sugar.

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Studies on the Composition of Bovine Blood as Influenced by Gestation, Lactation, and Age

Cited by 27 publications

References 8 publications

Changes in the Concentration of Lipids and Some Other Constituents in the Blood Plasma of Calves from Birth to 6 Months of Age

Changes in the Concentration of Lipids and Some Other Constituents in the Blood Plasma of Calves from Birth to 6 Months of Age

Both superficial and deep zone articular chondrocyte subpopulations exhibit the crabtree effect but have different basal oxygen consumption rates

Carbohydrate utilization in the pre-ruminant calf

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