Studies on the ecology of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sudan: the first records of<i>Phlebotomus orientalis</i>and<i>P. rodhaini</i>in northern Sudan

Hassan, Mohammed Mahgoub; Widaa, Sally Osman; Ibrahim, Mihad Abdelaal; Shara, R. Abu; Osman, Osama; Numairy, M. S. M.; Khider, E. T. M. El

doi:10.1179/136485907x229040

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…A total of 17,387 sandflies, including six Phlebotomus species (P. orientalis and P. papatasi, P. bergeroti, P. duboscqi, P. saevus and P. rodhaini), were collected from the study area in White Nile. The species recorded here are consistent with previous reports in other parts of Sudan (Kirk & Lewis 1951, Quate 1964, Hoogstraal & Heyneman 1969, Elnaiem et al 1997, Lambert et al 2002, Hassan et al 2007.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…It has been suggested that P. orientalis prefers areas characterised by the presence of Acacia seyal/Balanites aegyptiaca vegetation, which grows on dark black cotton soil ). However, P. orientalis has been found in a semi-desert area (Hassan et al 2007). In eastern Sudan, P. orientalis has been found to be infected with L. donovani from late March-June, which indicates that the transmission of VL occurs during this time of the year (Elnaiem et al 2001.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in White Nile, Sudan

Widaa

Ahmed

Bari

et al. 2012

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been known to occur since the 1980s on the western bank of the White Nile River (Central Sudan), 150 km south of Khartoum, and has resulted in high mortality. The most recent outbreak of the disease in this area began in 2006. Entomological surveys were carried out during May 2008, June 2010 and May and July 2011 in the White Nile area. Sandflies were collected using Centers for Disease Control light traps and sticky oil traps in the village of Kadaba and the nearby woodland. Phlebotomus females were dissected for the presence of Leishmania promastigotes. A total of 17,387 sandflies, including six species of Phlebotomus and 10 species of Sergentomyia, were identified. The Phlebotomus species recorded were Phlebotomus orientalis, Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus bergeroti, Phlebotomus duboscqi, Phlebotomus rodhaini and Phlebotomus saevus. P. orientalis was collected in both habitats. The relative abundance of P. orientalis in the woodland habitat was higher than that recorded in the village habitat. In the woodland habitat, there was a notable increase in the relative abundance of P. orientalis during the surveys conducted in 2008 and 2010 compared to 2011. None of the 311 P. orientalis females dissected were infected with Leishmania promastigotes, although relatively high parous rates were recorded in both habitats. Based on the distribution of P. orientalis recorded in this study, this species is the most likely vector of VL in the endemic focus in the White Nile area. Further investigation is required to elucidate the seasonal abundance and distribution of the vector, as well as the transmission season of VL in both habitats so that appropriate control strategies for the vector can be designed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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confidence: 99%

Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in White Nile, Sudan

Widaa

Ahmed

Bari

et al. 2012

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…This species is the most dominant CL vector in the area north of Khartoum where an epidemic of CL had occurred [2]. However, P. papatasi has a wide range of distribution in the country including many parts of the arid areas of Sudan [2,4]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khartoum State, Sudan

et al. 2012

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BackgroundPhlebotomus papatasi the vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most widely spread sand fly in Sudan. No data has previously been collected on insecticide susceptibility and/or resistance of this vector, and a first study to establish a baseline data is reported here.MethodsSand flies were collected from Surogia village, (Khartoum State), Rahad Game Reserve (eastern Sudan) and White Nile area (Central Sudan) using light traps. Sand flies were reared in the Tropical Medicine Research Institute laboratory. The insecticide susceptibility status of first progeny (F1) of P. papatasi of each population was tested using WHO insecticide kits. Also, P. papatasi specimens from Surogia village and Rahad Game Reserve were assayed for activities of enzyme systems involved in insecticide resistance (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), non-specific carboxylesterases (EST), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (Cyt p450).ResultsPopulations of P. papatasi from White Nile and Rahad Game Reserve were sensitive to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), permethrin, malathion, and propoxur. However, the P. papatasi population from Surogia village was sensitive to DDT and permethrin but highly resistant to malathion and propoxur. Furthermore, P. papatasi of Surogia village had significantly higher insecticide detoxification enzyme activity than of those of Rahad Game Reserve. The sand fly population in Surogia displayed high AChE activity and only three specimens had elevated levels for EST and GST.ConclusionsThe study provided evidence for malathion and propoxur resistance in the sand fly population of Surogia village, which probably resulted from anti-malarial control activities carried out in the area during the past 50 years.

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“…rodhaini is considered a rare species, some studies from Sudan reported small numbers of Ph. rodhaini captured from endemic sites [66,68,72,76,77] indicating its involvement in maintaining the transmission of VL between wild animals and dogs [66].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…bergeroti in the study sites are of epidemiological interest. The three species exist sympatrically in many places in central and eastern Sudan [ 7 , 53 , 70 – 72 ]. Ph .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of host preferences of wild-caught Phlebotomus orientalis and Ph. papatasi vectors of leishmaniasis in Sudan

et al. 2020

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orientalis (N = 15, 48.4%). Blood meal analysis revealed human DNA in two Ph. orientalis (6.4%), hence, the anthropophilic index was 13.3%. Conclusions Multiplex PCR protocol described here allowed the identification of blood meal sources of many vertebrate species simultaneously. The results indicate that wild-caught Ph. orientalis are anthropophilic in the study areas. Further studies on larger blood-fed sample size are required to validate the potential applications of this technique in designing, monitoring and evaluating control programs, particularly in investigating the potential non-human hosts of leishmaniasis.

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Studies on the ecology of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sudan: the first records ofPhlebotomus orientalisandP. rodhainiin northern Sudan

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in White Nile, Sudan

Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in White Nile, Sudan

Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khartoum State, Sudan

Studies of host preferences of wild-caught Phlebotomus orientalis and Ph. papatasi vectors of leishmaniasis in Sudan

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