STUDIES ON THE EGGS OF CERTAIN BITING MIDGES (CULICOIDES LATREILLE) OCCURRING IN SCOTLAND.

Parker, A. H.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1950.tb00091.x

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Our observation that eggs must reach a certain point in development to achieve this tolerance supports observations of Culicoides pulicaris (L.) and Culicoides punctatus (Meigen) in England by Parker (1950). He exposed groups of 20 eggs (aged 0 Ð5 d) of C. pulicaris and C. punctatus (referred to in his paper as C. pulicaris punctatus) to severe and rapid drying in a calcium chloride desiccator (32% RH) for 12, 18, 24, and 48 h. Eggs that were treated immediately after being laid experienced complete mortality at all time points, whereas some eggs that were 1 d old or older survived.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In one instance, C. sonorensis eggs were collected from the edge of a southern California dairy wastewater pond, 6 cm back from waterline (Mullens and Lii 1987). In the laboratory, Þeld collected, gravid Culicoides vexans (Staeger) lay their eggs singly, and occasionally in groups, as do members of the obsoletus and pulicaris groups (Parker 1950, Jobling 1953. Culicoides paraensis (Goeldi) females lay their eggs singly, as they walk across the substrate in the laboratory (Roberts et al 1977).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The same phenomena have occasionally been described in Culicoides spp. (Parker 1950, Isaev 1975, Glukhova 1979, Breidenbaugh and Mullens 1999. Because so little research has been done, however, it is difÞcult to gauge how widespread egg desiccation tolerance or diapause may be in Culicoides.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Desiccation Tolerance in the Eggs of the Primary North American Bluetongue Virus Vector, Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), and Implications for Vector Persistence

McDermott

Mullens

2014

j med entomol

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Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones transmits bluetongue virus and develops in a variety of polluted mud habitats. Egg desiccation tolerance was tested by obtaining eggs of known age, drying them, and placing them back on wet substrate. Eggs 4-10 h old failed to hatch after 12 h of drying at 75% relative humidity (RH). Older eggs (28-34 h) survived severe desiccation and >50% water weight loss. They regained their water within ≈2 h of rehydration. Relative to control eggs, average egg hatch was reduced by 36% after 12 h of drying, 79% after 24 h, 91% after 36 h, and 97% after 48 h. Some embryos (1%) survived and hatched after 60 h of drying and water losses of nearly 60%. Eggs in specific 25-40 h age categories did not differ in hatch after a 12-h desiccation stress; critical embryo age to survive drying is between 10 and 24 h. Humidity gradients relieved desiccation stress, and eggs appeared to regain water from saturated RH conditions. Individual, gravid C. sonorensis oviposited in 1-liter containers with an artificial mud bank. If they laid eggs, 73% deposited them singly in lines ranging up to 5-6 cm in length (meanderers), while 27% laid eggs in clumps (dumpers). Eggs were positioned an average of 45 ± 12 mm back from waterline. Younger eggs, if laid in early evening, may not experience severe desiccation. Embryo recovery from such severe desiccation could be adaptive in ephemeral habitats where the species may have evolved.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Desiccation Tolerance in the Eggs of the Primary North American Bluetongue Virus Vector, Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), and Implications for Vector Persistence

McDermott

Mullens

2014

j med entomol

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“…In the vector: Th e vector, for example, may live long enough to bring the virus through the winter since, once infected, biting midges usually remain infected life-long [43]. Ceratopogonids are generally believed to live for only a few weeks, probably one to three weeks [29,44], but in the laboratory adult C. sonorensis survived for up to three months when kept at 10°C [36] and single specimens of C. obsoletus were observed to live for more than three months at room temperature [53]. Another possibility for overwintering of the virus in the vector population is through a vertical (transovarial) passage from an infected ceratopogonid female to her off spring.…”

Section: Possible Modes Of Btv Hibernationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Three years of bluetongue disease in central Europe with special reference to Germany: what lessons can be learned?

Kampen

Werner

2010

Wien Klin Wochenschr

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With few exceptions, vector-borne diseases have long been considered of minor importance in central and northern Europe. Since the advent of bluetongue disease (BTD) in 2006 and the 2007 chikungunya fever outbreak in Italy this attitude has changed. It is due to continuing globalization rather than to climate change that even central and northern Europe are at risk of new pathogens as well as vectors of disease entering and establishing. BTD was the first 'exotic' disease to arrive: it did not slowly spread northwards but jumped in through a still unknown entry point. Although indigenous Culicoides biting midge species had formerly been considered to be the vectors of the bluetongue virus (BTV) in the Mediterranean, nobody had expected BTD in more northern European areas free of C. imicola. When the disease broke out, the authorities were completely unprepared, particularly as neither data on the putative vectors nor biting midge specialists were available. Starting with about 2000 affected ruminant farming facilities in 2006 in the central western part of Europe, the virus managed to overwinter and spread in all directions in 2007, producing almost 60,000 outbreaks (farms affected) in ten European countries up to early 2008. At that time, vaccine administration against BTV serotype 8 was initiated, significantly decreasing the total number of holdings affected in the third transmission season (May 2008 to April 2009). From May 2009 onwards, relatively few cases of BTV-8 infections were notified in a total of only six European countries. Unfortunately, while the further fate of BTV-8 in Europe remains to be awaited, BTV-1 appears to be approaching from the south, with some 4900 outbreaks in France in 2008. Meanwhile, the results from various entomological monitoring projects have suggested biting midges of the C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris complexes as well as some other ceratopogonid species as the most likely BTV vectors in central Europe. The lesson to be learned from the BTD epidemic is once again that in the long term pro-action is better than mere reaction as it can considerably support and facilitate reaction: to avoid and manage outbreaks of emerging vector-borne diseases, essential prerequisites are to monitor the indigenous hematophagous arthropod fauna, to identify potential vectors and acquire knowledge on their biology, to educate medical entomologists and vector biologists, and to implement better control of imported goods and animals for pathogens and arthropod vectors.

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“…Eggs of Culicoides are cylindrical, approximately 400 µm long and 50 µm wide (Linley 1976), and are generally laid directly onto the breeding substrate. Eggs normally hatch within six days of laying (Megahed 1956;Becker 1961) although a diapause has been reported for some species (Jobling 1953;Parker 1950;Glukhova 1979).…”

Section: Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the taxonomy of Australasian species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae)

Bellis¹

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The biting midge genus Culicoides contains approximately 1300 species worldwide. Many species are of economic importance either as biting pests of humans or domesticated animals or as vectors of pathogens for these hosts. The Australasian fauna contains a high proportion of undescribed species, most of which have not been formally placed into subgenera. Furthermore, many of the described species have not been revised since their original description and for these species data is lacking for several characters routinely used in modern descriptions, particularly the details of antennal sensilla. Additionally, several species are known only from a single sex.No tools are available to assist workers in recognising species of Australasian Culicoides. No Australasian specimens have undergone genetic analyses either to support specific status, monophyly of groupings or investigations into phylogeography.Using a modern suite of characters, morphological analyses of the known fauna of Australasia, including undescribed species, was used to complete a preliminary subgeneric classification of the Australasian Culicoides fauna. Wing photographs of all recognised species were compiled into a wing picture atlas which also provides a checklist of species and their subgeneric placement accompanied by a table of numerical values of described species.From the subgeneric classification proposed in the wing picture atlas, seven subgeneric groupings viz the Marksi, Bancrofti, Immaculatus, Molestus, Coronalis, Kusaiensis and Imicola groups, were fully revised including a group diagnosis, descriptions of new species, redescriptions of adult males and females and, where necessary, pupae. Species descriptions and group monophyly were supported where possible by COI and CAD molecular data.Included in these revisions are redescriptions of 17 existing species namely Culicoides

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STUDIES ON THE EGGS OF CERTAIN BITING MIDGES (CULICOIDES LATREILLE) OCCURRING IN SCOTLAND.

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

Desiccation Tolerance in the Eggs of the Primary North American Bluetongue Virus Vector, <I>Culicoides sonorensis</I> (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), and Implications for Vector Persistence

Desiccation Tolerance in the Eggs of the Primary North American Bluetongue Virus Vector, <I>Culicoides sonorensis</I> (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), and Implications for Vector Persistence

Three years of bluetongue disease in central Europe with special reference to Germany: what lessons can be learned?

Studies on the taxonomy of Australasian species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae)

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