Studies on the European hare. 47. An integrative analysis of genetic differentiation in the brown hare Lepus europaeus based on morphology, allozymes, and mitochondrial DNA

Abstract

A total of 469 brown hares Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 from 20 sampling sites in Austria were examined for genetic diversity within and among populations by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Fourteen out of 54 presumptive structural loci were polymorphic, one of which was excluded from further population genetic analyses due to the occurrence of a null-allele. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci (P) was 15.3% (SD 2.2%), and mean expected average heterozygosity (H e) was 4.6% (SD 0.5%). Both relative (FST = 5.4%) and absolute (mean Nei's 1978 D = 0.0016, SD 0.0016) genetic differentiation among populations were low, suggesting a generally high level of migration. Cluster analysis revealed some separation of brown hare populations in western and northern Austria from those in the east and in the south. In 131 individuals, mtDNA was digested with a battery of 16 restriction endonucleases. Besides the standard type I which occurred exclusively in most of the populations, five additional haplotypes, each of them deviating from type I by one base pair substitution , were detected. Together with rare alleles at allozyme loci, the distribution of variant haplotypes corroborated the spatial pattern obtained by allozyme distances and suggested considerable immigration of brown hares from the adjacent countries in the east and south. Twenty non-metric skull traits were scored in 443 individuals. Character variants were dichotomized (0/1) and the respective frequencies were used to calculate C. A. B. Smith's 'mean measure of divergence' (MMD) among five population groups. Morphological differentiation was in accordance with the major population genetic pattern as revealed by molecular techniques. MtDNA variation (nucleon diversity, nucleotide diversity) and morphological variation (mean of SD in single characters) within populations were not significantly associated with one another, and did not show a relationship with indices of genetic variation obtained by allozyme analysis. These findings suggest that variability in only one of these characters cannot be considered representative for overall gene pool diversity within populations.

Mitochondrial DNA differentation in chamois (genus Rupicapra) : implications for taxonomy, conservation, and management

“…Among medium-sized and larger mammals this is not always the case. For example, in a large-scale study on genetic differentiation in the brown hare Lepus europaeus, Hartl et al (1993Hartl et al ( , 1994) detected a total of seven different haplotypes. However, in all populations examined one and the same standard haplotype predominated, while the other haplotypes, each differing from the standard type by but one restriction site gain or loss, respectively, yielded population genetic information only through their geographic distribution.…”

“…1) were examined. In each specimen total mtDNA was prepared from frozen liver, purified, digested with restriction endonucleases, and screened by agarose gel electrophoresis as described in Hartl et al (1993). The following 16 six-base cutting restriction endonucleases were used: Apal, Asnl, BamHI, Bell, Bglll, Clal, Dral, EcoRI, EcoRV, Hindlll, PstI, PvuII, SacI, Sful, StuI, and Xbal.…”

Spatial patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear gene pools in chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) from the Eastern Alps

“…mtDNA-RFLP analysis mtDNA of 308 chamois was isolated from liver cells following the procedures as described in Hartl et al (1993). RFLP analysis was carried out by digesting the entire mtDNA with 16 hexanucleotide-recognizing type II restriction endonucleases (from Roche).…”

Assessment of genetic variability among rabbit breeds by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR.

“…These are conservative genetic markers, evolving slowly but do not have much resolving power to reveal population differentiation. The genetic variability in brown hare populations (Lepus europaeus) was analyzed using allozymes by previous works (Hartl et al, 1992(Hartl et al, , 1993Suchentrunk et al, 2000), but they could not reveal much genetic differentiation among hare population. Subsequently, genetic differentiation among hare populations was assessed by mitochondrial (mt) DNA by several workers (Parez-Suarez et al, 1994;Pierpaoli et al, 1999), revealing a highly haplotype diversity within and among wild brown hare populations (Mamuris et al, 2001).…”