Studies on the Surface Free Energy of Carbon–Carbon Composites: Effect of Filler Addition on the ILSS of Composites

Interfacial Characteristics and Fracture Toughness of Electrolytically Ni-Plated Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Phenolic Resin Matrix Composites

“…Thus, it is expected that the interface between metallized carbon fiber surface and phenolic resin should be good, since the metallized carbon fiber surface energy should allow extensive wetting by the phenolic resin (35-45 mJ m −2 ) (13, 14, 21). As mentioned above, these results are attributed to the introduction of van der Waals physical adsorption force and polar groups, such as -CO, -COO, NiO, Ni(OH) 2 , and nickel metal of carbon fiber surfaces, resulting from increasing the specific component of the surface free energy, as shown in Fig. 3.…”

“…Electrolytic nickel-plating of carbon fiber surfaces which promote better fibers/matrix adhesion result primarily from an increase of C= =O, O-C-O, NiO, Ni(OH) 2 , and nickel metal concentration, as measured by XPS, and from an increase in the total surface free energy of the carbon fiber surface, as determined by contact angle measurement. The change in the total surface free energy comes about primarily through an increase in the specific polar component, γ SP S , of the fiber surface free energy.…”

“…The O 1s /C 1s composition ratios of nickel-coated carbon fibers are increased compared to nontreated due to the deposition of more active forms, such as, NiO, Ni(OH) 2 , and Ni metal on the inactive carbon. However, nitrogen of carbon fiber surfaces have no significant changes as the concentration and distribution are varied.…”

“…In addition, the fiber shows good compatibility with a phenolic matrix. The improvement of interfacial adhesion between these components is attributed to the presence of polar groups (hydroxyl and carboxyl) on the fiber surface, which are able to interact with the active groups present in the phenolic matrix (1,2).…”

Superhydrophobic carbon-based materials: a review of synthesis, structure, and applications

“…The total surface free energy can be divided into the London dispersive and specific (or polar) components [93][94][95]. (5) where g S is the total surface free energy, the subscript S represents a solid state, and g S L and g S SP are the London dispersive and specific (Debye, Keesom of van der Waals, H-bonding, π-bonding, and other small polar effects) components of the surface free energy of the constitutive elements.…”