Study and Modulation of Human Cortical Excitability With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Pascual‐Leone, Álvaro; Tormos, José; Keenan, Julian Paul; Tarazona, Francisco; Cañete, Carlos; Catalá, M.D.

doi:10.1097/00004691-199807000-00005

Cited by 695 publications

(425 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Because none of these studies administered rTMS chronically (over several days or weeks), the possibility exists that long-term, low-rate rTMS of M1 would reduce its excitability to a level that would interfere with the command needed to generate voluntary force, implicating a role for M1 in mediating increase in voluntary force. Consistent with this suggestion and the results of some (7,51) but not all (11,43,58) studies, we also observed acute (within session) small (ϳ3-6%) but significant reductions in MVC.…”

Section: Role Of Primary Motor Cortex In Maximal Voluntary Forcesupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Even highfrequency magnetic brain stimulation in the form of continuous magnetic theta-burst stimulation, when administered after voluntary contractions, can depress corticospinal excitability (21). Several studies demonstrated that the reduction in corticospinal excitability was not accompanied by a reduction in motor output (11,40,43,58). However, a few studies did report impairments in motor output, including reaction time and finger tracking performance, after bouts of 1-Hz rTMS (7, 51).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans

Hortobágyi¹,

Richardson²,

Lomarev³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Hortobágyi T, Richardson SP, Lomarev M, Shamim E, Meunier S, Russman H, Dang N, Hallett M. Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans. J Appl Physiol 106: 403-411, 2009. First published November 13, 2008 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90701.2008Although there is consensus that the central nervous system mediates the increases in maximal voluntary force (maximal voluntary contraction, MVC) produced by resistance exercise, the involvement of the primary motor cortex (M1) in these processes remains controversial. We hypothesized that 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of M1 during resistance training would diminish strength gains. Forty subjects were divided equally into five groups. Subjects voluntarily (Vol) abducted the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) (5 bouts ϫ 10 repetitions, 10 sessions, 4 wk) at 70 -80% MVC. Another group also exercised but in the 1-min-long interbout rest intervals they received rTMS [VolϩrTMS, 1 Hz, FDI motor area, 300 pulses/ session, 120% of the resting motor threshold (rMT)]. The third group also exercised and received sham rTMS (VolϩSham). The fourth group received only rTMS (rTMS_only). The 37.5% and 33.3% gains in MVC in Vol and VolϩSham groups, respectively, were greater (P ϭ 0.001) than the 18.9% gain in VolϩrTMS, 1.9% in rTMS_only, and 2.6% in unexercised control subjects who received no stimulation. Acutely, within sessions 5 and 10, single-pulse TMS revealed that motor-evoked potential size and recruitment curve slopes were reduced in VolϩrTMS and rTMS_only groups and accumulated to chronic reductions by session 10. There were no changes in rMT, maximum compound action potential amplitude (M max), and peripherally evoked twitch forces in the trained FDI and the untrained abductor digiti minimi. Although contributions from spinal sources cannot be excluded, the data suggest that M1 may play a role in mediating neural adaptations to strength training. muscle; transcranial magnetic stimulation; cortical excitability IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED that neural mechanisms mediate the initial gains in maximal voluntary strength in response to chronic resistance exercise (9,16,19,20,39). However, there is disagreement concerning the magnitude and nature of involvement of specific structures of the central nervous system in neuronal adaptations to chronic exercise. A handful of studies used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to determine whether the primary motor cortex (M1) contributes to neuronal adaptations to resistance training-induced increases in voluntary force (9,25,30). Carroll et al. (9) found that resistance training did not modify the size of the TMSproduced motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) at rest, but the force of the first dorsal interosseus muscle (FDI) at which maximum MEP amplitude occurred significantly shifted from ϳ50% maximal voluntary force (maximal voluntary contraction, MVC) before training to ϳ35% MVC after training. Coupled with data produced by transcranial ele...

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Section: Role Of Primary Motor Cortex In Maximal Voluntary Forcesupporting

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans

Hortobágyi¹,

Richardson²,

Lomarev³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Here, stimulation frequencies at or below 1 Hz induce inhibition, whereas higher frequencies induce facilitation-the latter, however, are shorter than the inhibitory effects. 12,13 New protocols, whose therapeutic potentials to date have not been explored, induce longer lasting after effects. Excitability changes are achieved by a qualitatively different stimulation protocol, namely continuous or intermittent theta burst stimulation (TBS).…”

Section: Technical Aspects and Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Protocols in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Current State and Perspectives

2009

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Summary:In epileptic seizures, there is an enhanced probability of neuronal networks to fire synchronously at high frequency, initiated by a paroxysmal depolarisation shift. Reducing neuronal excitability is a common target of antiepileptic therapies. Beyond or in addition to pharmacological interventions, excitability-reducing brain stimulation is pursued as an alternative therapeutic approach. Hereby, noninvasive brain stimulation tools, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have gained increased interest as efficient tools to modulate cortical excitability and activity. In animal models, stimulation-induced cortical excitability diminution has been shown to be suited to reduce seizures. Clinical studies conducted to date, however, have shown mixed results. Reasons for this, as well as possible optimization strategies that might lead to more efficient future stimulation protocols, will be discussed.

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“…Its ability to transiently disrupt normal function of human brain regions makes it a unique tool for studying the causal contribution of different brain areas to behavior. A very promising approach is the application of low frequency repetitive TMS (rTMS) for several minutes before performing a given task in order to partially elude the unspecific effects of concurrent rTMS stimulation (Abler et al, 2005;Pascual-Leone et al, 1998;Robertson et al, 2003). This approach, also referred to as "off-line" rTMS, has been used extensively in recent years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-course of “off-line” prefrontal rTMS effects — a PET study

et al. 2008

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Study and Modulation of Human Cortical Excitability With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Cited by 695 publications

References 55 publications

Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans

Chronic low-frequency rTMS of primary motor cortex diminishes exercise training-induced gains in maximal voluntary force in humans

Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Protocols in the Treatment of Epilepsy: Current State and Perspectives

Time-course of “off-line” prefrontal rTMS effects — a PET study

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