Study and optimization of oil‐in‐water emulsions formulated by low‐ and high‐frequency ultrasounds

Abstract

Objective: A combined treatment using both low-frequency (20 kHz) and highfrequency ultrasounds (1.63 MHz) is a promising new process to stabilize emulsions with minimalist formulation. In order to optimize process parameters, a Doehlert experimental design was performed with oil-in-water emulsions, presently used for cosmetic products, composed of water, caprylic/capric triglycerides and oleic acid. Methods: Effects of treatment time, oil content and oleic acid content were studied on emulsion properties (droplet size, polydispersity index, ζpotential and yield of oil incorporation) and on emulsion stability after a 28-day storage (creaming index, Turbiscan stability index (TSI) and oil release).Results: From experimental data, a model was established that allowed to study effects of each parameter and their interactions on emulsion formation and stability. Oleic acid content had a great impact on emulsion formation: It reduced droplet size, PDI and ζpotential and increased yield of oil incorporation. However, a critical value could be highlighted, beyond which oleic acid effects reversed.Treatment time had an important beneficial effect on emulsion stability as it decreased creaming index, TSI and oil release after 28 days of storage. Oil content had a negative effect on emulsion formation and on emulsion stability. However, treatment time and oil content often had a beneficial synergistic effect. Conclusion:The optimized conditions for emulsion processing were obtained through a desirability approach. They were experimentally validated.

Critical Review of Techniques for Food Emulsion Characterization

“…The operation of this device relies on vertical scanning of the emulsion, enabling the real-time detection of changes in backscattering (BS) and transmission (T) intensities over time. During static multiple light scattering, a light source with a wavelength of 850 nm is directed onto the emulsion sample, and both backscattering and transmission signals are collected [105]. The acquired signals are associated with droplet concentration and size, as described by the Mie theory [106].…”