Intercalation is the process of inserting chemical species
into
the heterointerfaces of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials. While
much research has focused on the intercalation of metals and small
gas molecules into graphene, the intercalation of larger molecules
through the basal plane of graphene remains challenging. In this work,
we present a new mechanism for intercalating large molecules through
monolayer graphene to form confined oxide materials at the graphene-substrate
heterointerface. We investigate the intercalation of phosphorus pentoxide
(P2O5) molecules directly from the vapor phase
and confirm the formation of confined P2O5 at
the graphene-substrate heterointerface using various techniques. Density
functional theory (DFT) corroborates the experimental results and
reveals the intercalation mechanism, whereby P2O5 dissociates into small fragments catalyzed by defects in the graphene
that then permeates through lattice defects and reacts at the heterointerface
to form P2O5. This process can also be used
to form new confined metal phosphates (e.g., 2D InPO4).
While the focus of this study is on P2O5 intercalation,
the possibility of intercalation from predissociated molecules catalyzed
by defects in graphene may exist for other types of molecules as well.
This in-depth study advances our understanding of intercalation routes
of large molecules via the basal plane of graphene as well as heterointerface
chemical reactions leading to the formation of distinctive confined
complex oxide compounds.