The current state of Materials Science in the field of obtaining functional polymer composite materials with a wide range of mechanical and physical properties is analyzed. The modification of polymers by introducing inert and reactive additives into the epoxy matrix are considered. The use of industrial and agricultural waste as modifiers is discussed as one of the directions of import replacement and developing the principles of “green” chemistry. Special attention is paid to the prospects of using modifying components obtained by thermochemical processing of vegetable wastes.