“…Through the application of voltage to the pixel electrode, alterations in the wettability of the solid-liquid interface occur, inducing arbitrary movement of the droplet across the twodimensional plane under the influence of surface tension [3]. Endowed with notable characteristics such as portability, integrity, low cost, minimal reagent consumption, and superior efficiency [4]- [6], DMF holds great promise for applications in in vitro diagnostics, proteomics analysis, single-cell sorting, and nucleic acid testing [7]- [10]. Nevertheless, conventional DMF chips relying on passive arrays encounter significant challenges in terms of expandability, primarily arising from constraints in signal lines and available wiring space.…”