Study of Demineralized Dental Enamel Treated with Different Fluorinated Compounds by Raman Spectroscopy

Abstract

Background: Current diagnostic methods for enamel caries detection are unable to detect caries lesions (incipient caries lesion) at a very early stage. Objective: This study aims to determine the remineralizing effect of three fluorinated compounds on demineralized subsurface tooth enamel using Raman spectroscopy characterization. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, sixty impacted 3 rd molars, with intact anatomical crowns recently extracted and without structural defects, were sectioned longitudinally in a mesio-distal direction using a diamond disc, obtaining two working surfaces (buccal and lingual). The 120 working surfaces obtained were immersed for 96 h in a demineralization solution at 37°C in order to demineralize the enamel surface. All samples were randomly divided into three groups (n=30 each) and their surfaces were treated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF), Difluoride silane (DSF), and acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF), and with no treatment undertaken in the control group (CG). The samples were immersed in alternating solutions for demineralization and remineralization at pH 4.4 and pH 7.0, respectively. The results were analyzed with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to determine the variance. Results: The most important difference (91.7%) is observed in APF group between PCA1 respect to PCA2, followed by DSF (91.5%) and SDF (76.3%) respectively. Therefore, a greater remineralization in the dental enamel can be observed by the three experimental groups. Conclusion: The APF and DSF have the effect of recovering the mineralization of dental enamel, except for the SDF. Functional groups OH - and PO43- were identified in all subsurface.

Advanced materials for enamel remineralization

“…Fluoridation of home water is a typical measure to prevent dental caries in many countries, and it can successfully reduce the incidence of dental caries. Fluoride can also be found in a variety of oral care treatments and dental materials, including sodium fluoride (NaF), stannous fluoride, silver diamine fluoride, acidulated phosphate fluoride, ammonium fluoride, and others ( Barrera-Ortega et al, 2020 ). Fluoride sustained-release ability could be altered by combining fluoride ions with different cations and complexing it with different organic molecules.…”

Chemical and morphological changes of femtosecond laser‐irradiated enamel using subablative parameters

“…Furthermore, the carbonate:phosphate ratio has been considered an indicator of the enamel susceptibility to acid attack during the caries formation process (Akkus, Karasik, & Roperto, 2017). A decrease in the carbonate:phosphate ratio has been found in the analysis of enamel submitted to demineralization in comparison with healthy enamel (Barrera‐Ortega, Vázquez‐Olmos, Sato‐Berrú, & Araiza‐Téllez, 2020).…”

Application of Unsupervised Multivariate Analysis Methods to Raman Spectroscopic Assessment of Human Dental Enamel

“…When Raman spectroscopy is used in combination with PCA [9,[16][17][18][19][20][21] or other MVA [9,[19][20][21][22] methods, it is possible to obtain unique spectral characteristics extracted from raw acquired spectra, which can be used for the identification of similar areas, specific features, or certain types of samples, along with differentiation and classification of a different sample or tissue condition, according to the case. Raman spectroscopy and PCA can be used to distinguish control from treated enamel samples [23], as well as to discriminate sound enamel from severe dental fluorosis samples with high levels of sensitivity and specificity [16].…”

“…Raman spectroscopy and PCA can be used to distinguish control from treated enamel samples [23], as well as to discriminate sound enamel from severe dental fluorosis samples with high levels of sensitivity and specificity [16]. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy and PCA can be used to differentiate healthy from demineralized enamel, as well as identify and assess enamel remineralization with different fluoride solutions [17]. Raman spectroscopy-PCA method was also used for the analysis of human dental enamel surfaces from sound, affected (cavitated), and highly affected tooth samples, revealing that exists a predisposition in individual teeth to caries that can be directly correlated with the structural/compositional enamel changes that occur mainly along the main c-axis of hydroxyapatite crystals [18].…”