Study of erodable paint properties involved in antifouling activity

Abstract

To produce ecological marine paints, it is necessary to understand the phenomena involved in antifouling activity. Due to the multivariable components which have to be taken into account and due to their analytical intricacy, only studies based on selected properties are conceivable. In this study, four properties have been chosen, viz. erosion, biocide release, roughness and the physicochemical characteristics of the film surface. A principal-component analysis (PCA) of the experimental data has shown that, among the selected properties, only erosion affected antifouling efficiency. A more detailed investigation of erosion by quantifying global hydration and hydrolysis of immersed paints revealed the difficulty in linking the chemical structure of binders to the final erosion properties. Biocide release from paints, quantified by chromatographic methods coupled with UV detection, was inferior to the doses stated by the paint producers. These observations allowed the conceiving of formulations with reduced amounts of active molecules. The development of erodable, biodegradable binders associated with non toxic compounds is a promising way to obtain efficient antifouling paints compatible with existing, preventive systems.

Additives for Efficient Biodegradable Antifouling Paints

“…The paint without additive did not show significant difference of copper release, the copper cumulative release after 28 days was found to be 0.18 µg/cm 2 . These values corroborated with known data of copper release from erodible paints for which the amount of copper release can be relatively weak [19,20]. However, these release rate differences were not significant: whatever the additive, less of 1% of copper thiocyanate was released after 28 days of immersion.…”

A review of current and emergent biofilm control strategies

“…Several attempts have been made to avoid biofilm formation by the incorporation of antimicrobial products into surface materials (Park, Daeschel, & Zhao, 2004;Weng, Chen, & Chen, 1999), by coating surfaces with antimicrobials (Gottenbos, van der Mei, Klatter, Nieuwenhuis, & Busscher, 2001;Thouvenin et al, 2003;Tsibouklis et al, 2000) or by modifying the surfaces physicochemical properties (Rosmaninho et al, 2007;Whitehead, Collingon, & Verran, 2004. Gottenbos et al (2001) demonstrated a reduction in infection rate using silicone rubber implants with covalently coupled quaternary ammonium coatings.…”

Biofouling control using microparticles carrying a biocide

“…However, high velocities have some drawbacks as they produce more compact deposits that are more difficult to remove from the surfaces by both mechanical and chemical methods (Melo and Vieira 1999;Simo˜es et al 2005Simo˜es et al , 2008a. Several attempts have been made to avoid biofilm formation by the incorporation of antimicrobial (AMB) products into surface materials (Weng et al 1999;Park et al 2004) or by coating surfaces with antimicrobials or other materials (Gottenbos et al 2001;Thouvenin et al 2003;Akesso et al 2009;Chen et al 2009). More recently, new low energy surfaces produced by surface bombardment to implant ions such as Mo and F, plasma sputtering and coatings with thin Ni-P-PTFE or DLC (Diamond-LikeCarbon) layers have been developed with an interesting potential for reducing deposit adhesion ).…”