Study of In vitro Bioactivity and Biodegradability of the Hydrothermally Prepared Carbon Nanofibrous/Hydroxyapatite (Cnf/Ha) Membranes.

Abstract

Critical size bone defects are orthopedic defects that will not heal without intervention or that will not completely heal over the natural life time of the animal. Although bone generally has the ability to regenerate completely however, critical defects need sort of scaffold to do so. In the current study, we proposed a method to get a Carbon NanoFibrous (CNFs) / Hydroxyapatite (HA) bioactive scaffold. The CNF nonwoven fabrics were obtained by the use of the electrospinning process of the polymeric solution of Poly Acrylonitrile (PAN) and next thermal treatment of both stabilization and carbonization processes, then the CNFs membranes were functionalized by (6.8 wt.%) HA by the hydrothermal process (130ºC for 90 min). The prepared membranes were in-vitro tested for bioactivity in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) solution and for biodegradability in Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) solution. We have successfully prepared a bioactive and biodegradable membrane by immersing it in SBF and PBS solutions respectively for 14 days, where a bioactive layer of Hydroxy-Carbonated Apatite (HCA) was found on its surface. The formed layer of HCA has been characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The biodegradability of the membranes has been characterized by FTIR, SEM, and ICP for the PBS solution after different time intervals (1, 3, 5, 7 and 14) days. The membrane of (CNF/6%HA) is more biodegradable than other membranes of (CNF, and CNF/8%HA) (Figure 1).

Hydrothermally reinforcing hydroxyaptatite and bioactive glass on carbon nanofiber scafold for bone tissue engineering

“…There were two peaks that were identified as (002) and (101) corresponding to carbon graphitization that revealed CNF synthesis, but there were none for HA, SBG, or BBG. This result is consistent with previous work ( Yang et al, 2013 ; Aziz A et al, 2017 ). Figure 2 shows the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the prepared samples that refer to SBG, BBG, and HA nanoparticles in the CNF, where they appear as a rough surface of carbon nanofiber.…”

“…Observed CNF had an 85% carbon content, which is reasonably consistent with expectations based on literature for PAN carbonization ( Kretzschmar et al, 2020 ). The carbon content of CNF decreased by reinforcing HA and biglasses, and this result is similar to our earlier work ( Aziz A et al, 2017 ).…”

“…The stabilisation process was done by heating the prepared polymeric nanofibers (80–150 μm in thickness) at a rate of 1.0°C/min up to 250°C, then incubating the fibres at 250°C for 2 h in an air atmosphere. The second step was the carbonization, which took place by heating the stabilised nanofibers at a rate of 5°C/min and incubating them at 1,000°C for 1 h under Ar gas ( Abd El-Aziz et al, 2017 ; Aziz A et al, 2017 ; Abd El-Aziz et al, 2021b ).…”

In-Vitro Cytotoxicity Study: Cell Viability and Cell Morphology of Carbon Nanofibrous Scaffold/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites

“…The mixture was placed into an autoclave and hydrothermally treated for 90 min at 130 °C. The resulting samples were left to dry at room temperature and were then placed in a vacuum oven (10 mbar) at 40 °C for 72 h prior to further processing [ 14 ].…”

“…Pure carbon nanofibrous (CNF) scaffolds (with a thickness of 5.0 mm) were used as a control sample to verify the cytocompatibility of the CNFs modified with hydroxyapatite (HA). Prior to biological experiments, the samples were sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 min [ 14 , 15 ], washed three times with sterile PBS, subsequently immersed in a culture medium for 30 min, and then placed in a 96-well plate (Nunc, Wiesbaden, Germany) for cell culture experiments [ 16 , 17 ]. L929 mouse fibroblasts (ATCC CRL-6364) were used to assess the biocompatibility of the nanofibers, and 5 × 10 4 cells/mL were cultured for each 6.0 mm rounded sample ( n = 3).…”