Study of Length of Umbilical Cord and Fetal Outcome: A Study of 1,000 Deliveries

Balkawade, Nilesh Unmesh; Shinde, Mangala

doi:10.1007/s13224-012-0194-0

Cited by 56 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The incidence of nuchal coiling in our study was 23.8% which correlates with finding of Balkawade and Shinde which had total nuchal coiling in 20.7% cases [6]. The incidence of single loop found in 19.6% cases in our study which is comparable with the finding of Ogueh O et al where one loop around the neck occured in approximately 20% of cases [7].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…According to Balkawade and Shinde, excessively short cords have been associated with a delay in second stage of labor, irregular fetal heart rate, placental abruption, rupture of umbilical cord, inversion of uterus, birth asphyxia and cord herniation [6]. Excessively long umbilical cords are associated with cord prolapse, torsion, true knot entanglement around the foetus and delivery complications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perinatal Mortality and Umbilical Cord Parameters: Is there Any Association?

Soliriya¹,

Goyal²,

Kachhawaha³

2017

J Preg Child Health

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Introduction: Abnormal cord parameters associate with high rate of asphyxia during delivery, foetal anomalies, non-reassuring foetal status, respiratory distress, foetal growth restriction and delivery interventions.Objective: To study the correlation between umbilical cord parameters and perinatal mortality. Materials and methods:This was a prospective study carried out in the Umaid Hospital, Dr. S N Medical College, Jodhpur from March-2014 to November-2014. It included 500 cases admitted to labour room with period of gestation >37 weeks. Details of delivery of baby including mode of delivery, Apgar score, NICU admission and any congenital anomaly found in unbooked cases post-natally was noted down. Umbilical cord parameters were also noted and correlated with perinatal outcome using Fischer's exact test and Chi square test. Results:Out of 500 cases, the cord length was normal in 88.2% cases while it was short in 6.2% and long in 5.6% cases. True knots were associated with a higher mean cord length of 95.83 ± 24.99 cm. The difference of mean cord length between single loop and more than two loops was highly significant (p value<0.001). Cesarean section rate was found to be significantly different between one loop and more than two loops (p<0.001). Conclusion:The excessively long cords are associated with cord prolapse, true knot and poor fetal outcome and increased operative interference. Short cords are associated with failed progress, cord rupture and congenital malformations. Nuchal cords are responsible for threatening fetal well being along with other placental as well as intrapartum factors for poor fetal outcome parameters of umbilical cord were examined at the time of delivery and after delivery: presence of any loop around neck, trunk, shoulder, etc. cord loops tight or loose in LSCS cases, number of loops of cord and positions, knots of cord (true or false), length and diameter of umbilical cord. Amongst these, we have excluded hypo and hypercoiled cords as there is much fluctuation in the number of coils with passage of time, postnatally. Determination of length of umbilical cord was done after the delivery of fetus, cord was clamped at two places and cut in between. From the cut end up to fetal umbilicus and placental attachment umbilical cord, length was measured with flexible tape in cm and added. A data check sheet was maintained for each case till completion of delivery. The umbilical cord length measurements were categorized into short, when the measured length was <39 cm, normal, when the measurement was between 39 to 95 cm and long cord if the measurement was >95 cm [1,2]. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS17.0 for windows. The sample size of the study was calculated as 400 taking the power as 90% and 20% dropout. Continuous data were analyzed by t-test and categorical data by using Chi-square test or Fisher exact test. J Preg Child Health, an open access journal

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perinatal Mortality and Umbilical Cord Parameters: Is there Any Association?

Soliriya¹,

Goyal²,

Kachhawaha³

2017

J Preg Child Health

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“…Shrestha et al and Balkawade et al have shown statistically significant (p<0.001) association of cord complications with long cords. 10,7 In present study, in long cord group incidence of nuchal cord and fetal heart rate abnormalities were more (Table 3).…”

Section: 3supporting

confidence: 49%

“…In a study by Balkawade's et al, Pregnants with term from 38 to 40 weeks of gestation were studied after excluding preterm deliveries, multifetal gestation and babies with major congenital anomalies. 7 In this study normal cord group includes 45-95 cms and percentage of LSCS in short cord group was (40.7%), long cord group (24.5%) and in normal cord group (23.6%). In present study, also normal-cord group was 45-95 cm and percentage of LSCS in both studies are comparable, and there was increased incidence of LSCS in short (42.7%) and long-cord (26%) groups.…”

Section: 3mentioning

confidence: 60%

Study of length of umbilical cord and fetal outcome: a study of 1000 deliveries

Kumar

Tharihalli

Chandrashekhar

et al. 2017

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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Background: Human embryo develops inside the body of the mother. One of the important part of the fetoplacental unit is the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord is the lifeline of the fetus. Objective of present study was to investigate the correlation of umbilical cord length with fetal parameters like APGAR score, sex, weight, and length, and its effect on labor.Methods: This prospective study conducted in the Department of OBG of VIMS, Bellary, from 1st February 2016 to 31st January 2017. The 1000 pregnant women of >37 weeks were studied following delivery for length of umbilical cord, any loop around neck, trunk, shoulder and number of loops of cord; knots of cord etc. Fetal parameters recorded were sex, weight, and length of the newborn and APGAR score at 1 and 5 min.Results: Cord length varied from 22 to 126 cm. The mean cord length was 66 cm (±10 cm). Maximum cases have cord length of 61and 70 cm. Lower 5th percentile and upper 5th percentile considered as short and long cord. Short-cord group was associated with signiﬁcantly higher (p<0.05) incidence of LSCS cases. The incidence of all types of cord complications increases as the cord length increases (p<0.001). Nuchal cords had higher mean cord length and as the number of loops in a nuchal cord increases to two or more loops, the operative interference and fetal heart abnormalities increases. Fetal heart rate abnormalities and birth asphyxia increase with extremes of cord length (p<0.001).Conclusions: Short and long cords are associated with increased incidence of cord complications, operative interference, intrapartum complications, increased fetal heart rate abnormalities, and birth asphyxia. But cord length did not vary according to the weight, length, and sex of the baby.

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“…Cord complication rates related to operative intervention incidence, intrapartum complications, fetal heart rate and cardiac anomalies, and perinatal asphyxia are higher in cases of both long and short cord. 12 In our case, cord length was 125 cm, the number of true knots was two and amniotic fluid volume was normal. The baby was healthy, and, fortunately hypoxia-related cerebral palsy did not develop.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 48%