“…Under ambient conditions, macrocrystalline rutile is thermodynamically stable relative to macrocrystalline anatase and brookite [1]. TiO 2 thin films can be deposited by several techniques, such as sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, pulsed laser deposition, and sol gel methods [3,6,7]. In order to deposit rutile phase using techniques like CVD, sol gel, etc., high temperature is necessary.…”