“…However, the effect of ionic salt on the R% of MG is not consistent when compared with previous literature, likely due to the different adsorbent materials used. For instance, k.Abbas and A.AL-Da'amy [ 49 ] observed a trend in MG R% as follows: CaCl 2 >MgCl 2 >KCl > NaCl. They reported that Even in the presence of a salt concentration of 0.02 M, the %R for MG remained higher than 80 % for all salts [ 49 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For instance, k.Abbas and A.AL-Da'amy [ 49 ] observed a trend in MG R% as follows: CaCl 2 >MgCl 2 >KCl > NaCl. They reported that Even in the presence of a salt concentration of 0.02 M, the %R for MG remained higher than 80 % for all salts [ 49 ]. The significant reduction in the adsorption of MG onto CMC-SA- β -CD/NCO in the presence of salts suggests that electrostatic interactions between the adsorbate and adsorbent play a crucial role in influencing the adsorption of MG. Fig.…”
“…However, the effect of ionic salt on the R% of MG is not consistent when compared with previous literature, likely due to the different adsorbent materials used. For instance, k.Abbas and A.AL-Da'amy [ 49 ] observed a trend in MG R% as follows: CaCl 2 >MgCl 2 >KCl > NaCl. They reported that Even in the presence of a salt concentration of 0.02 M, the %R for MG remained higher than 80 % for all salts [ 49 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For instance, k.Abbas and A.AL-Da'amy [ 49 ] observed a trend in MG R% as follows: CaCl 2 >MgCl 2 >KCl > NaCl. They reported that Even in the presence of a salt concentration of 0.02 M, the %R for MG remained higher than 80 % for all salts [ 49 ]. The significant reduction in the adsorption of MG onto CMC-SA- β -CD/NCO in the presence of salts suggests that electrostatic interactions between the adsorbate and adsorbent play a crucial role in influencing the adsorption of MG. Fig.…”
“…The results show that modifying the shell materials results in significantly higher adsorption than untreated ones. The adsorption capacity of Rostellaria snail shell for Azure A dye was 89.5% [ 122 ], Azure B dye was 83% [ 100 ], and Malachite Green was 86.66% [ 101 ], however, if the material is modified up to 93.9% when treating Azure A in wastewater [ 121 ].…”
Section: Popular Biochar-modification Methodologies For Snail Shell M...mentioning
Sea material is becoming increasingly popular and widely used as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment. Snail shell, a low-cost and natural animal waste material, has been shown to have a high calcium content (>99%) and a large potential surface area for the development of sustainable adsorbents. This paper presents a novel synthesis of methods for using snail shell absorbent materials in the treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals, textile dyes, and other organic substances. Modified biochar made from snail shells has gained popularity in recent years due to its numerous benefits. This paper discusses and analyzes modification methods, including impregnating with supplements, combining other adsorbents, synthesis of hydroxyapatite, co-precipitation, and the sol–gel method. The analysis of factors influencing adsorption efficiency revealed that pH, contact time, temperature, initial concentration, and adsorbent dose all have a significant impact on the adsorption process. Future research directions are also discussed in this paper as a result of presenting challenges for current snail adsorbents.
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