Study of the antiaging effects of bird's nest peptide based on biochemical, cellular, and animal models

Employing fruit juices to hydrolyze edible bird's nest and enhance the antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and wound-healing activities of the hydrolysates

“…Our assay demonstrated that trapping of free radicals is one potential mechanism employed by antioxidant peptides present in the EBN hydrolysates. This mechanism was also reported in other studies using alkaline protease, Alcalase, and papain for EBN hydrolysis [ 11 , 12 , 39 , 40 ].…”

“…The incomplete hydrolysis of EBN, which was also previously observed for pepsin even with the incubation time of 48 h, might be resulted from the low ratio of proteases or the conditions of hydrolysis [ 14 ]. However, macropeptides (5–10 kDa) could be achieved in all EBN hydrolysates despite the undetectable amount of peptides less than 4 kDa as in the former EBN hydrolysates by pepsin or alkaline protease [ 12 , 14 ]. These macropeptides can serve as bioactive peptides and contribute to the enhanced functional properties of our EBN hydrolysates.…”

“…In a study by Zulkifli et al, protein solubility was improved by more than 100-fold upon the application of Alcalase and papain after 3 h [ 11 ]. In addition, enzymatic treatment also produces EBN hydrolysates with enhanced nutraceutical properties compared to boiled EBN [ 10 , [12] , [13] , [14] ]. For example, Alcalase-digested EBN exhibited higher abilities to scavenge free radicals and inhibit angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE), an enzyme involved in the regulation of blood pressure, than undigested EBN [ 13 ].…”

“…EBN hydrolysate treated with simulated gastric fluid showed stronger inhibition of tyrosinase activity and melanin level in B16 cells, suggesting the potential of the hydrolysate in skin whitening [ 14 ]. Similarly, the addition of alkaline protease to EBN produced peptides with anti-photoaging capacity in zebrafish and wound-healing ability in MRC-5 cells [ 12 ]. These results indicate the advantage of the enzymatic hydrolysis over the conventional stewing/boiling method and the application potential of EBN hydrolysates in healthcare products.…”

“…Pure and crude proteolytic enzymes derived from animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria are often used to hydrolyze EBN protein [ [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] ]. As proteolytic enzymes can differ in cleavage sites, the combination of proteolytic enzymes can sometimes be applied to generate protein hydrolysates with more diverse peptides and ultimately more attractive properties than individual enzymes.…”