“…Moreover, adding through stones to the wall's cross-section improves the deformation capacity, mechanical performance, and out-of-plane strength. The contribution of the transversal bond element (also referred to as through stone) to enhancing the seismic performance and capacity of unreinforced masonry walls has been studied in the literature from the experimental and computational modelling point of view [48][49][50].…”
Section: Characterization Of the Cross-section Morphologymentioning
In order to correctly define the pathology of multiple-leaf stonemasonry walls and determine the appropriate interventions for its conservation and preservation, comprehensive studies on its building materials should be carried out since the overall behaviour of masonry structures is highly dependent on the characterization of its construction materials. Consequently, an interdisciplinary procedure for construction material characterization used in multiple-leaf stone-masonry walls in Egypt has been implemented to enrich documentation, conservation and restoration issues of this type of wall. The research methodology integrates experimental data obtained through on-site sampling, conducted tests and analyses, historical information, and field survey observations. The fundamental physical and mechanical properties of the masonry elements were examined by incorporating stone blocks, mortars and core-infill materials. The mineralogical composition and interlocking textures of the collected samples were investigated utilizing a large range of complementary investigation and analysis techniques, including polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TG/DTA), and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) attached to an EDX unit. Through the results thus obtained, a complete characterization of the mineralogical composition; physical–mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties; and the interlocking textures of the construction materials of both the outer and inner-core layers was performed. The outer leaves of the majority of the multiple-leaf stone-masonry walls in medieval architectural heritage were mainly built of well-dressed limestone blocks with nearly uniform dimensions, while the inner-core layer was usually built of stone-rubble infill with bending lime-based mortar. The uniaxial compressive strengths of core infill (corresponding to the inner core layer) and lime-based mortar of the embedded joints are shown to be 85 and 92.5% lower than the limestone units of the outer layer, respectively. Moreover, experimental observations indicate that the inner core layer exhibits the highest porosity values; consequently, deteriorated, loose and cohesionless core infill could greatly affect the durability and thermal resistivity of this kind of wall. The results provide scientific support for investigating the overall structural behaviour of this type of walls and for decision-making in future conservation and restoration strategies.
“…Moreover, adding through stones to the wall's cross-section improves the deformation capacity, mechanical performance, and out-of-plane strength. The contribution of the transversal bond element (also referred to as through stone) to enhancing the seismic performance and capacity of unreinforced masonry walls has been studied in the literature from the experimental and computational modelling point of view [48][49][50].…”
Section: Characterization Of the Cross-section Morphologymentioning
In order to correctly define the pathology of multiple-leaf stonemasonry walls and determine the appropriate interventions for its conservation and preservation, comprehensive studies on its building materials should be carried out since the overall behaviour of masonry structures is highly dependent on the characterization of its construction materials. Consequently, an interdisciplinary procedure for construction material characterization used in multiple-leaf stone-masonry walls in Egypt has been implemented to enrich documentation, conservation and restoration issues of this type of wall. The research methodology integrates experimental data obtained through on-site sampling, conducted tests and analyses, historical information, and field survey observations. The fundamental physical and mechanical properties of the masonry elements were examined by incorporating stone blocks, mortars and core-infill materials. The mineralogical composition and interlocking textures of the collected samples were investigated utilizing a large range of complementary investigation and analysis techniques, including polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TG/DTA), and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) attached to an EDX unit. Through the results thus obtained, a complete characterization of the mineralogical composition; physical–mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties; and the interlocking textures of the construction materials of both the outer and inner-core layers was performed. The outer leaves of the majority of the multiple-leaf stone-masonry walls in medieval architectural heritage were mainly built of well-dressed limestone blocks with nearly uniform dimensions, while the inner-core layer was usually built of stone-rubble infill with bending lime-based mortar. The uniaxial compressive strengths of core infill (corresponding to the inner core layer) and lime-based mortar of the embedded joints are shown to be 85 and 92.5% lower than the limestone units of the outer layer, respectively. Moreover, experimental observations indicate that the inner core layer exhibits the highest porosity values; consequently, deteriorated, loose and cohesionless core infill could greatly affect the durability and thermal resistivity of this kind of wall. The results provide scientific support for investigating the overall structural behaviour of this type of walls and for decision-making in future conservation and restoration strategies.
Fan vaults, the most spectacular structural form of the English Gothic architecture, has been admired by architect lovers for many centuries. The mechanics of fan vaulting raises several interesting questions, most of which are still unanswered, even though the maintenance and restoration of historic buildings would require the deep understanding how these fascinating structures work, how they respond to mechanical effects and how they carry their loads. The last major study on fan vaulting was published four decades ago, still in 1980, and since then there were only a few publications about the topic, rare and rather scattered. On the other hand, several modern methods were born since then which could advantageously be used for the analysis of the mechanics of fan vault. This paper gives an overview on the history and constructional types of fan vaults, then introduces what we know today about their statics; shortly introduces the most important modern calculation methods that are potentially usable for such studies and gives a list of open issues worthy of investigating.
“…Low values of the normal and shear stiffnesses of the connection between the façade and the return walls were chosen in order to reduce computational time (jkn = 1,100 MPa/m and jks = 440 MPa/m). These values did not influence the final capacity of the wall but only the stiffness of the connection (Mordanova et al, 2017, Pulatsu et al, 2020, which was suitable for this study. Due to the rigidity of the façade and return wall elements, the lower wall courses remained connected by their edges when the rotation was well advanced, resulting in a non-realistic resistance.…”
Section: Different Boundary Conditions For Rocking Façadesmentioning
Façade overturning is a frequently observed collapse mechanism occurring in unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings during high-intensity earthquake-induced shaking.Following complete separation from a building, the rocking motion of a URM façade and the associated impact against the return walls are the factors that continue to contribute to the façade out-of-plane capacity. Seismic vulnerability studies of URM façades have historically neglected the interaction between building earthquake response and the rocking response of the façade, whereas in the study reported herein this interaction was analysed using the discrete element modelling (DEM) approach, resulting in a façade out-of-plane capacity reduction. The increment in the dynamic rocking capacity caused by the frictional connection between the URM façade and the building was also analysed and is reported.
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