Study of the effectiveness of electric vehicle warning sounds depending on the urban environment

Poveda-Martínez, Pedro; Peral-Orts, Ramón; Campillo-Davó, Nuria; Nescolarde-Selva, Josué Antonio; Lloret-Climent, Miguel; Soriano, Jaime Ramis

doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.10.003

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This transfer of responsibility or blame to the driver was also observed to a certain extent in this study. In this sense, Sandberg [ 6 ] indicates that the responsibility of avoiding a crash with a pedestrian traditionally falls on the driver. In addition, Sandberg [ 6 ] points out that adding sound to EVs and HEVs may cause the driver to transfer this responsibility to the pedestrian and other drivers, in the belief that they should hear the sound and be warned.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

New Risk Situations Related to Low Noise from Electric Vehicles: Perception of Workers as Pedestrians and Other Vehicle Drivers

Pardo-Ferreira

Torrecilla-García

Heras-Rosas

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Sales of electric and hybrid electric vehicles are increasing steadily worldwide, and consequently their presence increases in city areas. At low speeds, the low levels of noise produced by these vehicles could become a new risk factor for road users. However, the magnitude of the risk has not been accurately determined. In addition, its inclusion in the work environment could pose a new risk that should be managed. Thus, in relation to low noise levels of electric and hybrid vehicles, this study aimed to characterise the risk situations and determine the risk perception of workers as pedestrians and internal combustion engine vehicle drivers coming into contact with these vehicles. The data were extracted from 417 questionnaires filled out by the employees of public service companies who come into contact with electric and hybrid vehicles during their working day in the city of Málaga, in the region of Andalusia, Spain. According to the experiences reported, it seems that the risk due to the low noise levels of electric vehicles is moderate and does not reach alarming levels. These risk situations usually occurred in low speed urban areas, particularly when crossing the road, or in semi-pedestrian areas. Almost half the respondents considered that the electric vehicle poses a risk to other road users because it is more difficult to hear, and they believe it likely that other road users could be injured. Despite that risk, pedestrians did not change their way of walking or moving around the parking areas and other areas of the company. Electric and hybrid electric cars are now required to produce sound when travelling at low speeds. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of this measure should be assessed once implemented and future research should explore alternative non-acoustic measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electric engines have several advantages over conventional combustion engines, such as greater efficiency, durability, lower maintenance costs, and lower noise levels [ 3 ]. Nevertheless, this latter characteristic has generated much controversy in recent years [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Risk Situations Related to Low Noise from Electric Vehicles: Perception of Workers as Pedestrians and Other Vehicle Drivers

Pardo-Ferreira

Torrecilla-García

Heras-Rosas

et al. 2020

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Furthermore, background noise levels vary depending on the environment, thereby influencing the detectability of electric vehicles [20]. For example, Poveda-Martínez et al [21] conducted detection experiments in three different environments with background noise: three-lane road with various idling vehicles (65.4 dBA), crowded pedestrian street in a shopping area (64.3 dBA), and a park with an equivalent sound (55.3 dBA). They found that different background noises can significantly affect pedestrians' detection of warning sounds from electric vehicles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the above mentioned studies, Grosse et al [19] used only one sound pressure level (SPL) in their experiment, and Poveda-Martínez et al [21] recorded background noise in three different environments but used only one SPL to represent the background noise in each environment. However, the SPL of environmental noise varies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Environmental Noise, Distance and Warning Sound on Pedestrians’ Auditory Detectability of Electric Vehicles

Hsieh

Chen

Tong

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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With developments in science and technology, the number of electric vehicles will increase, and they will even replace ICE vehicles. Thus, perceiving the presence of approaching electric vehicles on the road has become an important issue. In this study, the auditory detectability of the electric vehicle warning sound at different volumes, distances, and environmental noise levels was investigated. To this end, the detection rate was recorded in experiments with three environmental noise levels (50, 60, and 70 dBA), two sound pressure levels (SPLs) of the warning sound (46 and 51 dBA), three frequency combinations of the warning sound (5000, 2500, 1250, and 630 Hz for high frequencies; 2500, 1250, 630, and 315 Hz for medium frequencies; and 1250, 630, 315, and 160 Hz for low frequencies), and five distances (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 m). The main results showed that the detection rate at 51 dBA was significantly higher than that at 46 dBA under a high-frequency warning sound; however, the detection rates were similar under medium- and low-frequency warning sounds. The participants’ rates of detection for warning sounds were less than 20% under all experimental conditions, and a high-frequency warning sound was not affected by environmental noise. With regard to distances, no significant effects were observed between the distances and the detection rate at any of the three frequencies. In addition, auditory thresholds based on high-, medium-, and low-frequency warning sounds were found through logistic regression analysis results. The results of this study can be used as a reference for the future design of warning sounds.

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“…This hazard is even greater for pedestrians with impaired sight and hearing. For these reasons, some researches 6,7 have been carried out on warning sounds for electrical and hybrid vehicles. These sounds can be generated by loudspeakers and by new electromagnetic horns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-physics phenomena influencing the performance of the car horn

Medè

Doria

Munaretto³

et al. 2019

Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control

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Usually cars are equipped with disk horns. In these devices electromagnetic energy is converted into mechanical energy of two nuclei that vibrate and impact each other-the impacts excite the disk that radiates sound. This paper aims at understanding the results of acoustic tests carried out on horns with different excitation voltages and different mounting brackets. Since many non-linear phenomena are inherent in the vibrations of the nuclei, a detailed model of the electromechanical system is developed. Results show the dependence of operating frequency on the input voltage and the role played by the various mechanical and electrical parameters on the dynamics of the horn. Particular nonlinear effects, like sub-harmonic excitation, are presented and discussed. A general agreement between experimental results and numerical simulations is found.

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Study of the effectiveness of electric vehicle warning sounds depending on the urban environment

Cited by 27 publications

References 8 publications

New Risk Situations Related to Low Noise from Electric Vehicles: Perception of Workers as Pedestrians and Other Vehicle Drivers

New Risk Situations Related to Low Noise from Electric Vehicles: Perception of Workers as Pedestrians and Other Vehicle Drivers

Effect of Environmental Noise, Distance and Warning Sound on Pedestrians’ Auditory Detectability of Electric Vehicles

Multi-physics phenomena influencing the performance of the car horn

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