Study of the Evolution of Cultivated Peanut through Crossability Studies among Arachis ipaënsis, A. duranensis, and A. hypogaea

Abstract

Genus Arachis L. includes 80 described species, of which 31 belong to section Arachis, including the two diploid species A. ipaënsis Krapov. and W.C. Gregory and A. duranensis Krapov. and W.C. Gregory, considered the putative B and A genome parents of the cultivated peanut. This work contributes to the study of evolution of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), based on the successful hybridization between A. ipaënsis and A. duranensis, chromosome doubling of the hybrid, and crosses between the synthetic amphidiploid and representatives of the diversity of the crop. Diploid hybrids between A. ipaënsis and A. duranensis, confirmed by molecular markers, had pollen stains of 0.98%. Colchicine‐induced tetraploids were confirmed by mitotic chromosome counts. Progeny from these amphidiploid plants had a 97.74% pollen stain and significant differences among structure sizes measured in diploid and tetraploid flowers. Hybrid individuals [A. hypogaea × (A. ipaënsis × A. duranensis)4x] were produced from crosses involving all six botanical varieties of A. hypogaea. These hybrids indicate the evolutionary similarity between the wild species and the cultigen. The successful hybridization between diploid species A. ipaënsis and A. duranensis and between A. hypogaea and the synthetic amphidiploid support the theory that these two diploids are the parents of the cultivated peanut. Resulting materials are of great importance to peanut breeding.

Characterization of rust, early and late leaf spot resistance in wild and cultivated peanut germplasm

“…Arachis monticola, an allotetraploid wild species, considered by some authors to be the ancestor or, alternatively, a derivative of A. hypogaea, also showed susceptibility to P. arachidis. Arachis ipaënsis, one of the original diploid ancestors of A. hypogaea (Fávero et al, 2006), also showed susceptibility to P. arachidis. The variation coefficient was 71.43%.…”

“…It is used mainly for oil and candy production, or for consumption in natura. World production is thought to be more than 30 million tons per year (CONAB, 2003). Brazil has about 90,000 ha planted with peanut, with a production of about 220,000 tons in 2006.…”

“…Species in the genus Arachis have potential for peanut improvement (Fávero et al, 2006). Several species have higher resistance levels to diseases when compared to A. hypogaea germplasm accessions (Pande & Rao, 2001;Stalker & Moss, 1987).…”

Cloning and polymorphism analysis of the 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinol methyltransferase gene (VTE3) in Arachis hypogaea, A. duranensis, and A. ipaënsis

“…The cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea) is an allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 40) with 2 genome types (A-and B-genome), and thus can be considered to have originated from 2 distinct wild diploid species of Arachis (Kochert et al, 1996). To date, most researchers support the hypothesis that the cultivated peanut originated via hybridization of A. duranensis (A-genome) and A. ipaënsis (B-genome), followed by a rare spontaneous duplication of chromosomes (Halward et al, 1991;Kochert et al, 1996;Fávero et al, 2006;Seijo et al, 2004Seijo et al, , 2007. According to its characteristics, the cultivated peanut is divided into the subspecies A. hypogaea ssp fastigiata and A. hypogaea ssp hypogaea.…”

The Orphan Legume Genome Whose Time Has Come: Symposium Highlights from the American Peanut Research & Education Society Annual Meeting

“…Finally, the breadth of the peanut genome project to encompass wild diploid as well as cultivated tetraploid species, paralleled by renewed interest in utilizing diploid genetic resources to mine for allelic diversity (Bertioli et al, 2011;Stalker et al 2012Stalker et al , 2013, will promote the use of wild genetic resources in breeding through introgression pathways (Favero et al, 2006;Simpson, 2001). Tom Stalker, North Carolina State University, reviewed the status of wild-species germplasm collections, resistance attributes, taxonomic relationships, crossability, and molecular variation (Stalker et al 2012(Stalker et al , 2013.…”