Study of the Properties of 100 Years-Old Aged Explosive Compounds

Simoens, B.; Lefebvre, M.

doi:10.1080/07370652.2021.2017077

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Figure 9 summarises the TNT equivalences for overpressure and impulse as a function of UHP scaled distance. As expected, TNT equivalences are dependent on scaled distances [12,13], which could be explained by the rather large distance interval considered [15] and the significant difference between the composition of TNT and UHP detonation products, as previously discussed. An influence of the charge shape at a lower scaled distance cannot be excluded [15].…”

Section: Exp-6 M-bkw Exp-6 M-bkwsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…The level of agreement between small-scale and large-scale, between field and underwater experimental performance parameters and between experiment and numerical simulation has been investigated. To that end and for each performance parameter under consideration, we made use of experimental TNT equivalences [11][12][13], knowing the limitation of the concept [14][15][16], especially when comparing non-ideal and ideal explosives [17]. However, for both academic and safety purposes, we found necessary to compare UHP detonation performance with well-known and documented standards, TNT or plastic explosives such as C4 (91 % RDX), which were, for direct comparison, detonated in identical experimental conditions, with particular care for charge configuration (shape, initiation, confinement) and (scaled) distances.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Detonation performance of urea‐hydrogen peroxide (UHP)**

Halleux

Pons

Wilson

et al. 2023

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Carbamide Peroxide, an adduct of Urea and Hydrogen Peroxide, is commonly used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries as a solid source of hydrogen peroxide. However, it exhibits explosive properties and can be easily manufactured from readily available household chemicals, making it a potential emerging threat. We carried out a detailed performance assessment, combining experiments, thermochemical calculations and numerical simulations and highlighted a good level of agreement between experimental data from lab, field and underwater firings. A maximum detonation velocity of 3.65 km/s was recorded for unconfined 25 kg UHP charges at 0.85 g/cm 3 (200 mm charge diameter). We determined in these conditions an infinite diameter detonation velocity of 3.94 km/s. These results are also consistent with previous results obtained at small scale under heavy confinement. Airblast measurements highlighted an average 40 % TNT equivalence for impulse and 55 % for peak overpressure at short distance, which are in good agreement with the 57 % (Power Index) calculated from Explo5, while 50 % for bubble energy (explosive power) and 20 % for shock pressure (brisance) were obtained from underwater experiments. The use of different experimental approaches has proven useful to characterise the performances parameters of a non-ideal explosive for risk assessment purposes. K E Y W O R D Sdetonation, non ideal explosive, performance, urea hydrogen peroxide | INTRODUCTIONCarbamide Peroxide or Urea Hydrogen Peroxide (UHP) is commonly used in the dental, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries as a solid source of hydrogen peroxide. This adduct can also be easily manufactured from readily available household chemicals. Like other oxidisers such as ammonium perchlorate [1] or ammonium nitrate [2], UHP exhibits explosive properties [3,4] and could represent a potential emerging threat. Determining UHP detonation performance parameters is hence important for safety purposes.Because there is a need to predict large-scale explosive behaviour from small-scale experiments [5], our

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Section: Exp-6 M-bkw Exp-6 M-bkwsupporting

confidence: 73%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detonation performance of urea‐hydrogen peroxide (UHP)**

Halleux

Pons

Wilson

et al. 2023

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…Farrimond et al (2022) used two different data processing techniques to revisit the idea proposed by Stoner and Bleakney (1948) and Bogosian et al (2014) that variability levels differ with scaled distance. The results of both analytical techniques provided enough evidence to suggest that as the near-field is approached, Z < 3 m/kg 1/3 , a much greater spread in the arrival time data, and thus other blast parameters, is observed which agreed with findings presented by Simoens and Lefebvre (2015). This not only provides evidence to the hypothesis of scaled distance regions over which fireball surface instabilities are prominent, as discussed by Tyas et al (2016), Rae and McAfee (2018) and Rigby et al (2020a), but when compared with other published works on blast variability starts to build a more robust understanding of the development of explosive shock fronts.…”

Section: A Review Of Historic and Contemporary Blast Pressure Measure...supporting

confidence: 84%

Far-field positive phase blast parameter characterisation of RDX and PETN based explosives

Farrimond

Woolford

Tyas

et al. 2023

International Journal of Protective Structures

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A significant amount of scientific effort has been dedicated to measuring and understanding the effects of explosions, leading to the development of semi-empirical methods for rapid prediction of blast load parameters. The most well-known of these, termed the Kingery and Bulmash method, makes use of polylogarithmic curves derived from a compilation of medium to large scale experimental tests performed over many decades. However, there is still no general consensus on the accuracy and validity of this approach, despite some researchers reporting consistently high levels of agreement. Further, it is still not known whether blast loading can be considered deterministic, or whether it is intrinsically variable, the extent of this variability, and the range and scales over which these variations are observed. This article critically reviews historic and contemporary blast experiments, including newly generated arena tests with RDX and PETN-based explosives, with a view to demonstrating the accuracy with which blast load parameters can be predicted using semi-empirical approaches.

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“…Furthermore, environmental factors such as currents may lead to mechanical changes by grinding or washing materials out, which leads to an enlargement of the surface area [50]. Explosive mixtures change their composition when some of the included compounds are very soluble in water and others are not [51]. Finally, impact sensitivity may also increase or decrease [52] significantly when materials dry [44].…”

Section: Sensitivity Of Explosive Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

UXO and environmental risk factors impacting EOD operations in German waters**

Frey

2023

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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This article presents risk factors that are associated with the handling of unexploded ordnance (UXO) during explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) operations in German waters. The construction of offshore wind parks and the German immediate action program are expected to increase the number of EOD operations. Existing literature and guidelines do not offer a structured and reproducible framework for assessing EOD risk. To fill this gap, a network of EOD risk factors was developed by means of a literature review and validation via expert consultation. The study was scoped to “personnel and equipment at the EOD location” as the risk receptor and “undesired detonation” as the undesired event under investigation. Factors are subdivided into UXO factors that depend on the object that should be handled and factors that describe the object's surrounding environment. While the former can be researched by an EOD expert, the latter must be measured on site or acquired from a model. Each of these factors contributes to risk, some directly and others indirectly via other factors. The complexity of the resulting network, with its 33 factors, demonstrates the need for a reliable and reproducible model to quantify EOD risk. Its purpose is not to replace EOD experts but to aid them in their decision‐making process. Such a tool can provide valuable support for the high‐cost and high‐risk EOD operations.

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Study of the Properties of 100 Years-Old Aged Explosive Compounds

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

Detonation performance of urea‐hydrogen peroxide (UHP)**

Detonation performance of urea‐hydrogen peroxide (UHP)**

Far-field positive phase blast parameter characterisation of RDX and PETN based explosives

UXO and environmental risk factors impacting EOD operations in German waters**

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