Study on Over-Based Sulfurized Calcium Phenate Homologs (Part 1)

Abstract

Summary:Eighteen samples of over-based sulfurized calcium phenates containing from about 150 to 1,000% of the theoretical amount of calcium were prepared from p-octylphenol, calcium oxide, elemental sulfur, ethylene glycol, carbon dioxide, lauryl alcohol and oil used as starting materials, and their structure, composition and physical properties were studied.From the ebullioscopic results, the active ingredients of these over-based phenates proved to be amphipathic substances having a polymer structure. Based on the material balance, it was revealed that these ingredients consisted of four ligand components (p-octylphenol, sulfur, ethylene glycol and carbon dioxide) and calcium, and there existed among their components continuous quantitative relationships, e. g. a decrease, in a hyperbolic manner, in the molar ratio of the total ligands to calcium in the products with an increase in the blending-molar ratio of calcium to poctylphenol.In conclusion, these over-based phenates seem to be oil solutions of mixed homologs of an amphipathic coordination-condensation polymer homologous series.

Acid-Neutralizing of Marine Cylinder Lubricants: Effects of Nonionic Surfactants

“…In all four samples, the size of reverse micelles was around 10 nm without significant variation. The size analysis on these four oils supports the notion that overbased reverse micelles are not dynamic structures 13 and justifies the formulation of model lubricants by simply redisolving the purified overbased detergents into an appropriate solvent.…”

“…The generally accepted structure of these overbased sulfonates and salicylates is that of reverse micelles, ,− with a mixed metal hydroxide/carbonate core stabilized by an outer alkyl−aryl shell which makes the detergent oil soluble. The overbased phenates appear to have a polymeric structure. , The surfactants used in detergent sulfonates are alkylaromatic sulfonic acids while in detergent salicylates they are alkylsalicylic acids, and for detergent phenates they are both sulfurized and nonsulfurized alkylphenols. The calcium carbonate core of a typical overbased sulfonate reverse micelle has a diameter of between 4 and 14 nm and, together with the stabilizing surfactant layer, an overall diameter of between 8 and 18 nm .…”