“…To summarize, from the semiconductor aspect, the fuel cell may be represented as a semiconductor p-i-n three-layer device using respective n-type anode, intrinsic type electrolyte (no or very less electronic conduction compared with the ionic one), and p-type cathode, as shown in Figure 2B. This type of device is very similar to the one in solar cell devices (Liu and Kelly, 2014;Oikawa et al, 2015;Wu et al, 2015). Furthermore, if the middle electrolyte layer (i-type) is removed, a p-n two-component/layer device, i.e., DLFC, naturally appears, which is a p-n heterojunction device (Figure 2C).…”