Study on the propagation characteristic of electromagnetic wave based on WUSN

Internet of Underground Things in Agriculture 4.0: Challenges, Applications and Perspectives

“…[36] -Present a system based on acoustic waves [39] -Develop and evaluate a path loss model [37] -Study the propagation characteristic of EM waves Routing [43] -Propose a routing protocol for WUSN [46] -Optimize the power of the relay node on WUSN [44] -Use cluster-based cooperative models [45] -Deploy relay nodes to prolong network lifetime [40] -Description of a single-hop approach in WUSN [41] -Study the optimal placement of the relay nodes Energy [49] -Analyze the energy consumption of different networks [50] -Study the wake-up of buried sensor nodes [48] -Propose multi-hoped communications guarantying energy efficiency [47] -Present energy harvesting approaches for WUSN Antenna [53] -Study the impacts of moisture on antenna return loss and bandwidth [54] -Model the antenna return loss face to moisture variations [51] -Present a design of phased array antennas [52] -Study the impact of soil on UWB antenna MI [55] -Analyze the multi-hop underground communications based on MI [56] -Investigate MI communications based on relay circuits [57] -Propose a routing protocol for WUSN based on MI [58] -Compare the communications based on MI and EM waves [59] -Present the challenges of MI communications in WUSN [60] -Compare the communications based on MI and EM waves…”

“…The compaction of the soil (bulk density) has also an important impact; the more a soil is compacted, the more the electromagnetic waves are attenuated, see [18,27,28,47]. Numerous works have focused on characterizing and modeling the propagation of the electromagnetic (EM) waves through the soil with respect to all these environmental factors impacting the signal propagation; see [29][30][31][32][33]37,51]. In particular, the Friis and Fresnel models have been proposed to model the signal path loss in soil.…”