Study the Iron Environments of the Steel Waste Product and its Possible Potential Applications in Ferrites

Azis, Raba’ah Syahidah; Hashim, Mansor; Saiden, Norlaily Mohd; Daud, Noruzaman; Shahrani, Nuraine Mariana Mohd

doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1109.295

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The diffractograms were compared with ICSD standard patterns and all the Bragg peaks of the particles were identified as single phase, with hexagonal (rhombohedral) structure of α-Fe 2 O 3 belonging to the R–3c space group. These results are consistent with previously reported studies on α-Fe 2 O 3 [15,16]. Moreover, the identicalness in crystal structure between the milled particles (ICSD: 98-009-4106) and the unmilled particles (ICSD: 98-002-2616) essentially suggests that the α-Fe 2 O 3 did not transform to Fe 3 O 4 during the high-energy ball milling since no other phases were identified.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Complex Permittivity and Microwave Absorption Properties of OPEFB Fiber–Polycaprolactone Composites Filled with Recycled Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Nanoparticles

et al. 2019

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Recycled hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles with enhanced complex permittivity properties have been incorporated as a filler in a polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix reinforced with oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber for microwave absorption applications. The complex permittivity values were improved by reducing the particle sizes to the nano scale via high-energy ball milling for 12 h. A total of 5–20 wt.% recycled α-Fe2O3/OPEFB/PCL nanocomposites were examined for their complex permittivity and microwave absorption properties via the open ended coaxial (OEC) technique and the transmission/reflection line measurement using a microstrip connected to a two-port vector network analyzer. The microstructural analysis of the samples included X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). At 1 GHz, the real (ε′) and imaginary (ε″) parts of complex permittivity of recycled α-Fe2O3 particles, respectively, increased from 7.88 to 12.75 and 0.14 to 0.40 when the particle size was reduced from 1.73 μm to 16.2 nm. A minimum reflection loss of −24.2 dB was achieved by the 20 wt.% nanocomposite at 2.4 GHz. Recycled α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles are effective fillers for microwave absorbing polymer-based composites in 1–4 GHz range applications.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Complex Permittivity and Microwave Absorption Properties of OPEFB Fiber–Polycaprolactone Composites Filled with Recycled Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Nanoparticles

et al. 2019

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“…The diffractograms were compared with the standard patterns of the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) and all the Bragg peaks were identified as single phase rhombohedral (hexagonal) crystal structures of α-Fe 2 O 3 with an R-3c space group. There were no other phases identified, which was consistent with similar work in which recycled α-Fe 2 O 3 was synthesized from mill scale [10]. This suggests that α-Fe 2 O 3 did not transform to Fe 3 O 4 during the ball milling since both the unmilled and milled particles possessed identical crystal structures.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Enhancement of Complex Permittivity and Attenuation Properties of Recycled Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Using Nanoparticles Prepared via Ball Milling Technique

et al. 2019

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The purpose of this study was to synthesize high-quality recycled α-Fe2O3 to improve its complex permittivity properties by reducing the particles to nanosize through high energy ball milling. Complex permittivity and permeability characterizations of the particles were performed using open-ended coaxial and rectangular waveguide techniques and a vector network analyzer. The attenuation characteristics of the particles were analyzed with finite element method (FEM) simulations of the transmission coefficients and electric field distributions using microstrip model geometry. All measurements and simulations were conducted in the 8–12 GHz range. The average nanoparticle sizes obtained after 8, 10 and 12 h of milling were 21.5, 18, and 16.2 nm, respectively, from an initial particle size of 1.73 µm. The real and imaginary parts of permittivity increased with reduced particle size and reached maximum values of 12.111 and 0.467 at 8 GHz, from initial values of 7.617 and 0.175, respectively, when the particle sizes were reduced from 1.73 µm to 16.2 nm. Complex permeability increased with reduced particle size while the enhanced absorption properties exhibited by the nanoparticles in the simulations confirmed their ability to attenuate microwaves in the X-band frequency range.

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“…Steel wastes such as steel scraps or mill scales are waste materials that form on the surface of the steel during the steel making process [17]. Mill scales are attractive industrial wastes due to their high iron content of about 72%, low levels of impurities, and stable chemical composition [18,19,20]. They consist of wuestite (FeO), hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ), and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Ratio in Ammonium Nitrate on the Structural, Microstructural, Magnetic, and AC Conductivity Properties of BaFe12O19

et al. 2018

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This paper investigates the effect of the ratio of ammonium nitrate (AN) on the structural, microstructural, magnetic, and alternating current (AC) conductivity properties of barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19). The BaFe12O19 were prepared by using the salt melt method. The samples were synthesized using different powder-to-salt weight ratio variations (1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6 and 1:7) of BaCO3 + Fe2O3 and ammonium nitrate salt. The NH4NO3 was melted on a hot plate at 170 °C. A mixture of BaCO3 and Fe2O3 were added into the NH4NO3 melt solution and stirred for several hours using a magnetic stirrer under a controlled temperature of 170 °C. The heating temperature was then increased up to 260 °C for 24 hr to produce an ash powder. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) results show the intense peak of BaFe12O19 for all the samples and the presence of a small amount of the impurity Fe2O3 in the samples, at a ratio of 1:5 and 1:6. From the Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectra, the band appears at 542.71 cm−1 and 432.48 cm−1, which corresponding to metal–oxygen bending and the vibration of the octahedral sites of BaFe12O19. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images show that the grains of the samples appear to stick each other and agglomerate at different masses throughout the image with the grain size 5.26, 5.88, 6.14, 6.22, and 6.18 µm for the ratios 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, and 1:7 respectively. From the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis, the magnetic properties of the sample ratio at 1:3 show the highest value of coercivity Hc of 1317 Oe, a saturation magnetization Ms of 91 emu/g, and a remnant Mr of 44 emu/g, respectively. As the temperature rises, the AC conductivity is increases with an increase in frequency.

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Study the Iron Environments of the Steel Waste Product and its Possible Potential Applications in Ferrites

Cited by 21 publications

References 6 publications

Complex Permittivity and Microwave Absorption Properties of OPEFB Fiber–Polycaprolactone Composites Filled with Recycled Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Nanoparticles

Complex Permittivity and Microwave Absorption Properties of OPEFB Fiber–Polycaprolactone Composites Filled with Recycled Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Nanoparticles

Enhancement of Complex Permittivity and Attenuation Properties of Recycled Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Using Nanoparticles Prepared via Ball Milling Technique

Effect of Ratio in Ammonium Nitrate on the Structural, Microstructural, Magnetic, and AC Conductivity Properties of BaFe12O19

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