Study the mammalian acute toxicity of sodium yttrium fluoride, erbium and ytterbium doped (NaYF4: Er3+, Yb3+) upconversion nanomaterials

Abstract

The potential toxicity and biocompatibility of sodium yttrium fluoride, erbium and ytterbium doped (NaYF4: Er 3+ , Yb 3+ ) upconversion nanoparticles are of great importance for their biomedical applications. In this work, the acute toxicity of sodium yttrium fluoride, erbium and ytterbium doped (NaYF4: Er 3+ , Yb 3+ ) upconversion nanomaterials toxicity was evaluated. Rats received intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg of NaYF4: Er 3+ , Yb 3+ doped upconversion nanoparticles once dose and were observed at two different times (24 hours and 14 days post injection) for acute toxicity compared with control group. The results of hematological, blood biochemical analyses indicated that NaYF4: Er 3+ , Yb 3+ doped upconversion nanoparticles treated rats survived for 14 days without any evident of toxic effects. Histopathological analysis of major organs including liver had no obvious signs of abnormality after intravenous injection of rats by NaYF4: Er 3+ , Yb 3+ doped upconversion nanoparticles.

Ytterbium (III) Fluoride in Dental Materials

“…Lastly, the concerns that have been expressed about the toxicity of YbF 3 [11,18] do not seem to be supported by the published evidence on the effect of trace amounts of the substance on humans [12,54]. However, given the use described in this review in dental materials, this lack of clarity about toxicity is concerning, and further studies on this topic are clearly desirable as well.…”

“…However, any reported toxicity appears to be low. For example, a recent study found no obvious toxicity over 14 days following the exposure of rats to nanoparticles doped with Yb 3+ ions [12]. Also, safety data sheets provided by companies typically claim that ytterbium fluoride lacks any significant toxicity [13,14].…”

Versatile Nanoplatforms for Bioimaging and Therapy Using Upconversion Nanoparticles

“…However, no significant toxicity was detected after high dose exposure for 14 days in mice. On the other hand, Shahba et al 73 also studied the mammalian acute toxicity of NaYF 4 :Er 3+ ,Yb 3+ and found no obvious signs of abnormality within 14 days in mice after injection. Despite that the acute toxicity of UCNPs was proved to be insignificant in the mentioned study, more in vivo evaluation with long-term toxicity still needs to be carried out to verify the bioavailability of UCNPs.…”

The electrical, and photosensitive behavior of diodes with rare earth elements (Yb and Er) doped sodium yttrium fluoride interfacial layer

“…Er-doped NaYF 4 crystals can be used for similar applications as Yb-doped crystals but they emit light in the infrared region of the spectrum, making them particularly useful for applications in the field of optical communications [17,18]. Both Yb and Er doped NaYF 4 (NaYF 4 :Yb,Er) crystals are relatively new research area, and scientists are actively investigating new ways to improve the performance of these crystals and find new application for them [19][20][21]. In recent years, researchers have used the (NaYF 4 :Yb,Er) in the optoelectronic devices such as photovoltaic cells and sensor [22][23][24][25][26].…”