Studying complex chemistries using PLASIMO's global model

Koelman, P.M.J.; Mousavi, Samaneh Tadayon; Perillo, R.; Graef, Wouter; Mihailova, DB Diana; Dijk, Jan van

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/682/1/012034

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This abrupt change in simulated signals in figure 2(a) is evident. The resistivity for most of the metals increases by a factor of two when they are melted [13] and this factor for the copper is about 2.07 [25] which is also clear from (14) and (15). This abrupt change is utilized to find the melting point from measured values to verify the calculations.…”

Section: Electro-thermodynamic Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Heat conduction can also be expressed directly as an energy (loss) source term. So, the equivalent heat conductivity (thc tot ) due to radiation is calculated and is merged in the net emission coefficient (NEC) radiation shown as radii in (8), which is the NEC eestimation of the radiative cooling in W, through PLASIMO ® code [15], which provides a better estimation than others [10]. Q rad (T) is in W. Heat capacity at constant volume, mass density and electrical conductivity of wire in different physical states are defined through ( 9)- (15):…”

Section: Electro-thermodynamic Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C V (T) solid and C V (T) liquid are defined in [16,17]. Equations ( 12) and ( 13) for ρ(T) solid , and ρ(T) liquid are from [18] and ( 14) and (15) for σ(T) solid , and σ(T) liquid are from [12]: A practical method widely used in power signal processing especially for protection matters from 90s [19][20][21] to denoise signals with low signal to noise ratio (SNR) is discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Daubechies is the most popular wavelets for the detection of short duration, fast decaying oscillations [22,23].…”

Section: Electro-thermodynamic Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metal vapor content of an electric arc initiated by exploding wire in a model N₂ circuit breaker: simulation and experiment

Kadivar

Niayesh

Støa-Aanensen

et al. 2020

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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A conductive wire can explode by rapidly heating it to vaporization temperature by flowing a current through it. This process is utilized to generate high-temperature high-density plasmas. The temperature and pressure distributions at the time of the explosion are not easily measured. Moreover, the amount of metal vapor from the wire that remains within the arcing area is unknown. This work presents the whole-process model of a single-wire electrical explosion from solid-state to plasma formation. For this purpose, the voltage drop and resistance of the exploding copper wire in solid-state are simulated through a zero-dimensional thermo-electrical model. Then, compressible Euler equations are implemented with nodal discontinuous Lagrange shape functions in a one-dimensional model to compute the flow of the generated copper vapor (due to the wire explosion) in surrounding nitrogen gas. The aim is to calculate the distributions of pressure, density, velocity, temperature, and mass flow along the cylindrical shock waves to estimate the arc’s copper/nitrogen mixture ratio in free burning and nozzle constricted arcs. This mixture ratio is used to calculate the precise percentage of the metal vapor in the arcing area and to calculate Townsend growth coefficients utilizing to estimate the streamer breakdown of the mixture. The simulation results show good agreement with the experimental results in terms of the temporal evolution of the plasma channel boundary, the shock front speed estimation as well as the arc voltage magnitude numerically calculated deploying the extracted mixture percentage from this study, manifesting the validity of the model. It shows that despite the low-pressure studies, the exploding wire method is not suitable for circuit breakers employing supercritical fluids as the insulation.

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Section: Electro-thermodynamic Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electro-thermodynamic Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electro-thermodynamic Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metal vapor content of an electric arc initiated by exploding wire in a model N₂ circuit breaker: simulation and experiment

Kadivar

Niayesh

Støa-Aanensen

et al. 2020

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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show abstract

“…The source terms are formulated from the reaction rates, thus every reaction can be initiated by any of the species included in the model. This type of code is computationally less expensive than spatially resolved hybrid models, hence we are able to include a detailed and exstensive chemistry, without causing any significant increasing of the computational effort [15]. In the model, the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) is assumed to be maxwellian.…”

Section: Global Modelling With Plasimo Codementioning

confidence: 99%

Studying the influence of nitrogen seeding in a detached-like hydrogen plasma by means of numerical simulations

Perillo

Chandra

Akkermans

et al. 2018

Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion

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The leading candidate for impurity seeding in ITER is currently nitrogen. To date, there are only a few studies on the plasma chemistry driven by N 2 /H 2 seeding and its effect on the molecular-activated recombination of incoming atomic hydrogen ions in a detached-like scenario. Numerical simulations are needed to provide insights into such mechanisms. The numerous amount of plasma chemical reactions that may occur in such an environment cannot be entirely included in a 2 or 3-dimensional code such as Eirene. A complete global plasma model, implemented with more than 100 plasma chemical equations and 20 species, has been set up on the basis of Plasimo code. This study shows two main nitrogen-included recombination reaction paths resulted to be dominant, i.e. the ion conversion of NH followed by dissociative recombination and a proton transfer between H 2 + and N 2 , producing N 2 H +. These two processes are referred to as N-MAR (nitrogen-molecular activated recombination) and have subsequently been implemented into Eunomia, a spatially-resolved Monte Carlo code, designed to simulate the neutrals inventory in linear plasma machines such as Pilot-PSI and Magnum-PSI. To study the effect of N 2 on the overall recombination, three cases of study have been set up: from a defined puffing location with a constant total seeding rate of H 2 + N 2 , three N 2 ratios have been simulated, i.e. 0, 5 and 10%. The parameter monitored is the density of atomic hydrogen, being the final hydrogenic product of any recombination mechanism in the scenario considered. The difference in H density between the 0% case and the 10% case is about a factor 3. The importance of NH as electron donor is highlighted and N-MARs confirmed as reaction routes enhancing the conversion of ions to neutrals, making the heat loads to the divertor plate more tolerable. This work is a further step towards the full understanding of the role of N 2-H 2 molecules in a detached divertor plasma.

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“…Software packages handle these chemical physics calculations. Here, we used the PLASIMO ® package [61], and the electrical conductivity, total heat conductivity, mass density, NEC, viscosity, and heat capacity of pure air and air-Al mixture at 1 and 20 bar at different mixture ratios and pressures are presented in Figure 3. The legends for all sub-figures are the same as Figure 3a.…”

Section: Properties Of the Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Fast Elongation on Switching Arcs Characteristics in Fast Air Switches

Kadivar

Niayesh

2020

Energies

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This paper is devoted to investigating the effects of high-speed elongation of arcs inside ultra-fast switches (ucontact≈ 5–80 m/s), through a 2-D time-dependent model, in Cartesian coordinates. Two air arcs in series, one between a stationary anode and a moving cathode and the other between a stationary cathode and a moving anode in the arc chamber, are considered. A variable speed experimental setup through a Thomson drive actuator is designed to support this study. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) equations system is solved for fluid velocity, pressure, temperature, and electric potential, as well as the magnetic vector potential. Electron emission mechanisms on the contact surface and induced current density due to magnetic field changes are also considered to describe the arc root formation, arc bending, lengthening, and calculating the arc current density, as well as the contact temperatures, in a better way. Data processing techniques are utilized to derive instantaneous core shape and profiles of the arc to investigate thermo-electrical characteristics during the elongation progress. The results are compared with another experimentally verified magnetohydrodynamics model of a fixed-length, free-burning arc in the air. The simulation and experimental results confirm each other.

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Studying complex chemistries using PLASIMO's global model

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Metal vapor content of an electric arc initiated by exploding wire in a model N₂ circuit breaker: simulation and experiment

Metal vapor content of an electric arc initiated by exploding wire in a model N₂ circuit breaker: simulation and experiment

Studying the influence of nitrogen seeding in a detached-like hydrogen plasma by means of numerical simulations

Effects of Fast Elongation on Switching Arcs Characteristics in Fast Air Switches

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Studying complex chemistries using PLASIMO's global model

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Metal vapor content of an electric arc initiated by exploding wire in a model N2 circuit breaker: simulation and experiment

Metal vapor content of an electric arc initiated by exploding wire in a model N2 circuit breaker: simulation and experiment

Studying the influence of nitrogen seeding in a detached-like hydrogen plasma by means of numerical simulations

Effects of Fast Elongation on Switching Arcs Characteristics in Fast Air Switches

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Metal vapor content of an electric arc initiated by exploding wire in a model N₂ circuit breaker: simulation and experiment

Metal vapor content of an electric arc initiated by exploding wire in a model N₂ circuit breaker: simulation and experiment