Studying the Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers on the Export of the Main Agricultural Products of Iran

Ardakani, Zahra; Yazdani, Saeed; Gilanpour, O

doi:10.3844/ajassp.2009.1321.1326

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…It was expected that improved relative prices would diminished trade deficit in the long-run, but the occurrence of debt crisis in 1994 and high shrinkage of imports due to quantitative limits, revealed that the policy makers, lacked power to improve the trade balance flow [1,2,8] . In the period after Islamic revolution, the agricultural trade balance was always negative.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators on Agricultural Trade Balance of Iran

Yazdani¹,

Shajari²

2009

American J. of Applied Sciences

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Problem statement: One of the main targets of Iran's economic development plans in agricultural sector during the recent years was to augment agricultural exports and establish a positive trade balance in this sector. In this research the impact of macroeconomic indicators of Iran and its 20 trading partners on Iran's agricultural trade balance had been investigated. Approach: The ARDL approach was applied during the period of . Results: The domestic real income had the highest effect on the agricultural trade balance relative to other indicators both in the short-and longrun period. On the other hand, domestic money supply and foreign real income had the lowest effect in long-run and short-run respectively. In addition, real exchange rate had the positive impact on trade balance indicating that the depreciation will improve trade balance. But this is not a robust political instrument for establishing long-run equilibrium. Finally, the ECM results implied the fairly high speed of adjustment to equilibrium. Conclusion: The policies that tend to increase domestic income should be planned in such a way that the increased purchasing power of people will be directed to domestic goods rather than foreign goods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators on Agricultural Trade Balance of Iran

Yazdani¹,

Shajari²

2009

American J. of Applied Sciences

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“…The influence of aflatoxin standards on the pistachio trade has been examined in a large number of studies (Alaeibakhsh & Ardakani, 2012; Ardakani et al, 2009; Bui‐Klimke et al, 2014; Wu, 2008; Zheng et al, 2012). Wu (2008) analyses the impact of the strict EU aflatoxin standards on US almond and pistachio exports from 1998 to 2004.…”

Section: Influence Of Food Safety On Trade: Empirical Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following WTO rules, countries adopt regulations under the sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical barriers to trade (TBT) agreements to protect human, animal, and plant health as well as the environment, wildlife, and human safety. Although SPS measures are not implemented to restrict trade, in the practice they can impede the entry of imports into a country (Ardakani et al, 2009; Chen et al, 2008). However, the effect of NTMs on trade is not always clear, and generalizations should be avoided (Beghin et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of food safety standards on trade: Evidence from the pistachio sector

Rabadán

Triguero

2020

Agribusiness

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This paper analyses the influence of food safety standards related to aflatoxin contamination on the pistachio trade of the world's two leading pistachio producers (the United States and Iran) during the period 1996–2014. Using diverse econometric procedures, the estimation of extended gravity models shows that both countries benefit from stricter food safety standards imposed by importing countries. The results also show that US exports are not negatively affected by the distance from the importer (higher differentiation), while the impact of distance on the Iranian pistachio trade is negative. The results reveal that stricter food safety requirements are positive for both producing countries, regardless of their level of economic development, resulting in a “win–win” scenario. However, the findings also confirm that other variables, such as distance, the role of producers' associations and quality perception, should be considered. [EconLit citations: F10, F63, I18, Q17].

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“…The fundamental concept of the gravity model is that the attraction between two objects is proportional to their mass and inversely proportional to their respective distance. Consequently, the general formulation of spatial interactions can be adapted to reflect this basic assumption to form the elementary formulation of the gravity model using impedance variables (e.g., distance, travel time, generalized cost) to describe the way in which freight demand decreases (Ogden, 1978;Toosi et al, 2009;Ardakani et al, 2009). The gravity model calibration process attempts to explore the impedance variable function as closely as possible using the observed trip length distribution (Ortuzar and Willumsen, 1994).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Interregional Commodity Flows

Hirun¹,

Sirisoponsilp²

2010

American J. of Engineering and Applied Sciences

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Problem statement: Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) was launched to collect comprehensive freight flow data throughout the kingdom of Thailand. The surveys database is the most complete collection of commodity flow data in Thailand. The need to reveal interregional freight characteristics using available data from the CFS led to the objectives of this research. Approach: An origin destination matrix based on province was calibrated using a flexible Box-Cox function form. It used maximum likelihood and the backward method for calibration and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Relative Error (MRE) to verify the models performance. Independent variables were classified into three groups: origin variable, destination variable and geographic variable. The origin variable represented the behavior of the trip as generated at the place of origin. Some consumption occurred at the origin. The employment and the average plant size variables were selected for potential productivity while personal income per capita and total populations were included to explain consumption behavior at the origin. Personal income per capita and total populations were selected for destination variables which act as proxy for final demand at the destination. The third category, distance, was the most conventional friction variable for geographical variables. Results: The calibrated model revealed that origin income, origin average plant size and origin population performed poorly. Therefore these variables were eliminated. The best developed model included four strongly significant variables at a 5% level: origin employment, destination population, destination income per capita and distance. Conclusion: The results showed that the selected variables and the Box-Cox functional form were successful in explaining behavior of interregional freight transportation in Thailand. The developed model was the first interregional freight transportation model to be calibrated against Thailand commodity flow survey data

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Studying the Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers on the Export of the Main Agricultural Products of Iran

Cited by 14 publications

References 8 publications

The Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators on Agricultural Trade Balance of Iran

The Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators on Agricultural Trade Balance of Iran

Influence of food safety standards on trade: Evidence from the pistachio sector

Analysis of Interregional Commodity Flows

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