Stylohyoid syndrome

Shenoi, P. M.

doi:10.1017/s0022215100076428

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The sore throat and pain around the area of distribution of the glossopharyngeal nerve (Loeser & Cardwell, 1942; Eagle, 1948; Shenoi, 1972; Frommer, 1974), and even the possible alterations in taste (Baddour et al. 1978; Kay et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several theories have been proposed to explain calcification of the stylohyoid ligament. These include degenerative changes undergone by the fibres of the stylohyoid ligament (Shenoi, 1972), metaplasic alterations due to a traumatic stimulus that induces ossification of the stylohyoid ligament (Steinman, 1970), either due to an anatomical variation in which the stylohyoid ligament is ossified in early stages (Steinman, 1970) or even to what Montalbetti et al. (1995) referred to as ‘regressive ontogenetic development’, where the stylohyoid ligament contains cartilaginous remains that are later ossified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphogenesis of the second pharyngeal arch cartilage (Reichert's cartilage) in human embryos

et al. 2006

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This study was performed on 50 human embryos and fetuses between 7 and 17 weeks of development. Reichert's cartilage is formed in the second pharyngeal arch in two segments. The longer cranial or styloid segment is continuous with the otic capsule; its inferior end is angulated and is situated very close to the oropharynx. The smaller caudal segment is in contact with the body and greater horn of the hyoid cartilaginous structure. No cartilage forms between these segments. The persistent angulation of the inferior end of the cranial or styloid segment of Reichert's cartilage and its important neurovascular relationships may help explain the symptomatology of Eagle's syndrome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphogenesis of the second pharyngeal arch cartilage (Reichert's cartilage) in human embryos

et al. 2006

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“…Apart from turning the head, yawning can also trigger symptoms, particularly those resembling migraine (Jacome, 2001(Jacome, , 2004. Other symptoms may include tongue pain in general, a sensation of increased salivation (Van der Westhuijzen et al, 1999), alterations in taste (Baddour et al, 1978;Kay et al, 2001), vocal changes (Schmidt, 1951;Harma, 1967), pain in the upper limbs (Prasad et al, 2002), chest (Shenoi, 1972), and temporomandibular joint (Ettinger and Hanson, 1975), facial paresthesia (Gonzalez Salceda, 1983), pharyngeal spasm (Stark, 1965), pain triggered by the movement of the mandible (Ozawa et al, 1995), cough, dizziness, or sinusitis. Eagle's syndrome has also been reported as the most important cause of secondary glossopharyngeal neuralgia (Soh, 1999;Slavin, 2002) or atypical craniocervical pain (Hernandez and Velasco, 2008).…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eagle's syndrome: A review of the literature

et al. 2009

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Eagle's syndrome represents symptoms brought on by compression of regional structures by elongation of the styloid process or ossification of the stylohyoid or stylomandibular ligaments. Watt Eagle described it for the first time in 1937, dividing it into two subtypes: the "classic syndrome" and the "stylo-carotid artery syndrome." Many theories have been put forth regarding its pathogenesis. Depending on the underlying pathogenetic mechanism and the anatomical structures compressed or irritated by the styloid process, symptoms vary greatly, ranging from cervicofacial pain to cerebral ischemia. The syndrome generally follows tonsillectomy or trauma. Diagnosis is confirmed by radiological findings. Palpation of the styloid process in the tonsillar fossa and infiltration with anesthesia are also used in making the diagnosis. The treatment is primarily surgical; however, some conservative treatments have also been used. The current literature on Eagle's syndrome is reviewed, highlighting its often underestimated frequency and its clinical importance.

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“…According to a widely accepted hypothesis, the calcification and/or ossification occurs in the stylohyoid ligament (Dwight, 1907;Balasubramanian, 1964;Lavine et al, 1968;Porrath, 1969;Kaufman et al, 1970;Correll et al, 1979;Goodman, 1981;O'Carroll, 1984;Patni et al, 1986;Fanibunda and Lovelock, 1997;Blomgren et al, 1999).Onset of the calcification might be triggered by degenerative changes of the stylohyoid ligament (Shenoi, 1972) or metaplasic alterations after a traumatic stimulus (Shenoi, 1972). Steinman (1970) believed the calcification occurs prenatally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Origin of the Variations of the Hyoid Apparatus in Human

Rodríguez‐Vázquez

Verdugo-López

Abé

et al. 2015

The Anatomical Record

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Currently, theories based on acquired calcification of the stylohyoid ligament are believed to be a pathogenesis of syndromes associated with the hyoid apparatus (HA) and its variations. We studied the development of the HA from Reicherts cartilage using serial sections of 25 human embryos and 45 fetuses. We ensured a fact that, at the initial stage, the HA appeared as two independent cartilage segments, that is, the cranial or styloid segment and the caudal or hyoid segment of Reichert's cartilage, those are connected by a mesenchymal structure. However, between 8 and 10 weeks of development, the mesenchymal connection was lost. We hypothesize that this disconnection is likely to be one of the major factors to make a descent of the hyoid bone in evolution. The stylohyoid ligament was not observed. The variations of the HA, should be considered variations of the development of Reicherts cartilage. If these variations are maintained in the adult, are likely to explain a major symptom associated with Eagle s syndrome.

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Stylohyoid syndrome

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Morphogenesis of the second pharyngeal arch cartilage (Reichert's cartilage) in human embryos

Morphogenesis of the second pharyngeal arch cartilage (Reichert's cartilage) in human embryos

Eagle's syndrome: A review of the literature

The Origin of the Variations of the Hyoid Apparatus in Human

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