Styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer esters as flow improvers of waxy crude oil

Recent advances on mitigating wax problem using polymeric wax crystal modifier

“…These excellent performances could be attributed to the presence of hydrocarbon chains, double bonds, and/or aromatic parts. Similarly, structural polymers were synthesized by Al-Sabagh et al (2009 as shown in Fig. 14.…”

Synthesis and evaluation of alkyl acrylate-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride terpolymers as cold flow improvers for diesel fuel

“…It can be clearly seen the characteristic CH 3 and CH 2 of the alkyl group adsorption peaks at 2925 and 2854 cm −1 , the characteristic C = O stretching peaks of maleic anhydride at 1859 and 1785 cm −1 , and the characteristic C = O adsorption peaks of alkyl acrylate at 1738 cm −1 [6]. And we can see the intensity of CH 3 and CH 2 bands increases with the increase of the length of alkyl groups [23]. The complete disappearance of C = C bands (1640 cm −1 ), characteristic of the monomers, confirmed the formation of the terpolymers [5].…”

“…F. Vazquez et al [22] prepared their polymer solution at 20 wt% of terpolymer in toluene and M.Z. Elsabee et al [23] prepared their polymer solution at 10 wt% of copolymer in xylene. Due to the dosage of PPDs is very low in test, the dosage of solvent is also very low.…”

Preparation of a novel flow improver and its viscosity-reducing effect on bitumen

“…Therefore, an emerging WMA additive is usually accompanied with new methods of lowering viscosity and the focus of searching a novel additive are usually around flow improvers. Since 1970s, some oil-soluble chemical additives based on esters of styrene maleic anhydride copolymer have been reported as an effective flow improver and pour point depressant for waxy crude oil [7][8][9][10][11]. The mechanism of reducing viscosity of crude oil is based on the mutual action of polar moiety and alkyl chain of polymeric additives [12].…”