“…Notably, Egypt, Iran, Israel and Qatar were involved, while Saudi Arabia (Kohnert, 2023b). Turkey and the UAE, which seem intent on becoming key actors in the Greater Horn, are building a series of military bases from Sudan to Somalia, thus contributing to the ongoing militarization of the Red Sea (Heibach, 2020). Middle Eastern states have facilitated peace talks in, for instance, Sudan (Qatar, 2008-2011), and Somalia (Saudi Arabia, 2007Turkey, since 2011), as well as between Djibouti and Eritrea (Qatar, 2010(Qatar, -2017.…”