Subacute cadmium exposure promotes M1 macrophage polarization through oxidative stress-evoked inflammatory response and induces porcine adrenal fibrosis

Selenium protects against cadmium‐induced cardiac injury by attenuating programmed cell death viaPI3K/AKT/PTENsignaling

“…IL‐1β secretion from cells causes inflammation and tissue damage 12–14 . Moreover, various studies have shown that heavy metals such as mercury, chromium, and Cd also induced inflammatory responses in animal models 40,41 . In our experiment, we observed significant upregulation of pyroptosis‐related genes (NLRP3, IL‐1β, and IL‐18) in the Cd group.…”

“…[12][13][14] Moreover, various studies have shown that heavy metals such as mercury, chromium, and Cd also induced inflammatory responses in animal models. 40,41 In our experiment, we observed significant upregulation of pyroptosis-related genes (NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18) in the Cd group. Simultaneously, the immunofluorescence intensity of IL-1β and the immunofluorescence co-location signal of ASC and NLRP3 were enhanced in the Cd group.…”

Can PPAR γ Keep Cadmium in Check?

“…Most of them are aware that smoking poses severe health risks, but very few understand that toxic heavy metals, such as Cadmium (Cd), accumulate in the tissues. Cd, a naturally occurring endocrine toxin found in tobacco leaves, originates in the environment, and enters the body through inhalation, targeting the lungs and kidneys [ 2 ]. When comparing smoking status, smokers versus nonsmokers, Cd bioaccumulation differs between the two.…”

“…However, it is unclear whether the damage to lung tissue caused by Cd is attributed to inflammation of activated macrophages. Furthermore, little is known about the inflammatory response and impact of M1 macrophage polarization upon Cd exposure [ 2 ]. M1 and M2 macrophages are an essential immune response for the emergence of fibrosis.…”

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“…This article became new evidence that Cd could lead to immune dysfunction, further increasing the susceptibility to COPD infection (22). More recently, Yao et al (23) proved in 2021 that Cd activated the oxidative stress-mediated TLR4/NF-KB/NLRP3 inflammatory signal transduction, leading to porcine adrenal fibrosis by promoting macrophage polarization toward M1. However, there is still little research about the mechanism of Cd-induced AS through macrophage polarization.…”