Subchronic inhalation toxicity of 3.5-μm diameter carbon fibers in rats

Waritz, Richard S.; Ballantyne, Bryan; Clary, John J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199805/06)18:3<215::aid-jat499>3.0.co;2-w

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…15,23,24 However, BNNS are considered to be more suitable for biomedical applications since spheres possess lower structure induced toxicity and easier cell uptake etc. 25,26 Zhi et al reported that BNNS were non-toxic and easily taken up by cells without affecting cell proliferation. 27 We previously used BNNS as carriers for intracellular delivery of immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.…”

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confidence: 72%

Folate-conjugated boron nitride nanospheres for targeted delivery of anticancer drug

Feng

Zhang

Yan

et al. 2016

IJN

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With its unique physical and chemical properties and structural similarity to carbon, boron nitride (BN) has attracted considerable attention and found many applications. Biomedical applications of BN have recently started to emerge, raising great hopes in drug and gene delivery. Here, we developed a targeted anticancer drug delivery system based on folate-conjugated BN nanospheres (BNNS) with receptor-mediated targeting. Folic acid (FA) was successfully grafted onto BNNS via esterification reaction. In vitro cytotoxicity assay showed that BNNS-FA complexes were non-toxic to HeLa cells up to a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Then, doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), a commonly used anticancer drug, was loaded onto BNNS-FA complexes. BNNS-FA/DOX complexes were stable at pH 7.4 but effectively released DOX at pH 5.0, which exhibited a pH sensitive and sustained release pattern. BNNS-FA/DOX complexes could be recognized and specifically internalized by HeLa cells via FA receptor-mediated endocytosis. BNNS-FA/DOX complexes exhibited greater cytotoxicity to HeLa cells than free DOX and BNNS/DOX complexes due to the increased cellular uptake of DOX mediated by the FA receptor. Therefore, BNNS-FA complexes had strong potential for targeted cancer therapy.

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confidence: 72%

Folate-conjugated boron nitride nanospheres for targeted delivery of anticancer drug

Feng

Zhang

Yan

et al. 2016

IJN

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“…Generally, the minimum thickness of all commercial spun PAN fibers is 3 -4 lm. [27] However, fine PAN fibrils having a thickness below 3 lm can be prepared directly from the solution polymerization of AN (Figure 1b) TBA with volume ratios of 24 : 0.5 (Figure 2), 23 : 2 (Figure 3), and 22 : 3 ( Figure 4). In general, PAN fibers were obtained when the solvent composition was around 24 : 1 (V DMSO /V TBA ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile Microfibers Using Gelation and Phase Separation During the Solution Polymerization of Acrylonitrile

Lyoo

Son

Kang

et al. 2001

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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“…With respect to carbon fibers, in a 16-week inhalation study of a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) carbon fiber (average diameter 7 m, length ranging from 20 to 60 m), there was no pulmonary fibrosis or inflammation in rats at 20 mg/m 3 (Owen et al, 1986). Another inhalation study of a PAN carbon fiber with an average diameter of 3.5 m and an average length of 17.5 m reported no histopathological and functional effects found in rat lungs (Waritz et al, 1998). On the other hand, a 5-day inhalation study in rats using a pitch carbon fiber (concentration: 47 and 62 f/cm 3 , MMAD: 1.6 and 1.3 m) showed transiently significant increases of BALF LDH (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lactate dehydrogenase) and protein values at 24 hours after exposure, but the study reported that the biological effect of this carbon fiber was slight (Warheit et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological effect of carbon graphite whisker in rat lung by long-term Inhalation

Ishimatsu

Hori

Kasai

et al. 2009

Inhalation Toxicology

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Carbon graphite whisker (CGW) was used in a 1-year inhalation study in male Wistar rats and its biological effect was observed until the 1-year clearance period. The inhalation study was conducted at 2.6 +/- 0.5 mg/m(3) (equivalent to 44.5 +/- 15.0 fibers/mL) for 6 hours a day, 5 days a week for 1 year. There were no differences in survival rate between the exposure and control groups during this examination; however, the body weights were significantly different at the end of the 1-year clearance. The lung weight at 3 days and 1 year after the end of exposure was not significantly different in both groups. The deposited amount of CGW was 6.83 +/- 0.75 mg at 3 days post-exposure; the deposition rate was 17.6%. Only around 30% of the total deposited CGW was cleared during the 1-year clearance period. The geometric means of CGW in the lung, i.e. CMD (count median diameter) and CML (count median length), hardly changed, and the clearance was delayed. In the histopathological examination, there was mild fibrosis in all exposed rats irrespective of the clearance period. One adenoma was observed in a single animal at 3 days post-exposure, while no adenomas were observed in the exposure group after the 1-year clearance. Epithelial hyperplasia was found in some animals.

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Subchronic inhalation toxicity of 3.5-μm diameter carbon fibers in rats

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Folate-conjugated boron nitride nanospheres for targeted delivery of anticancer drug

Folate-conjugated boron nitride nanospheres for targeted delivery of anticancer drug

Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile Microfibers Using Gelation and Phase Separation During the Solution Polymerization of Acrylonitrile

Biological effect of carbon graphite whisker in rat lung by long-term Inhalation

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