Subcritical Water Technology for Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Chlorella sp. Microalgae and Assessment on Its Antioxidant Activity

Zakaria, Siti Maisurah; Kamal, Siti Mazlina Mustapa; Harun, Razif; Omar, Rozita; Siajam, Shamsul Izhar

doi:10.3390/molecules22071105

Cited by 60 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Considering the importance of PCs to be used as supplementary food evaluated the subcritical water (SW) technology to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds from Chlorella sp. microalgae to be further applied as an antioxidant was evaluated [39]. It was found compounds as caffeic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid.…”

Section: Phenolic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorella and Spirulina Microalgae as Sources of Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Food Supplements; an Overview

Andrade

Dias

et al. 2018

MOJFPT

204

115

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Chlorella and Spirulina are the two of the most well-known microalgae genus. Both microalgae genus have a significant content of proteins, vitamins, pigments, fatty acids, sterols, among others, which make their production/application by the food industry quite interesting. Chlorella genus is a eukaryotic microorganism, whereas Spirulina genus (cyanobacteria) is a prokaryotic microorganism. The aim of this review was to provide an overview on Chlorella and Spirulina microalgae, particularly as an alternative source of functional foods, nutraceuticals, and food supplements, in which the following compound groups were addressed: (I) Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; (II) Phenolic Compounds; (III) Volatile Compounds; (IV) Sterols; (V) Proteins, Amino Acids, Peptides; (VI) Vitamins; (VII) Polysaccharides; (VIII) Pigments and (IX) Food. Chlorella and Spirulina microalgae and their derivatives are concluded not to be widely commercially exploited. However, they are remarkable sources of functional foods, nutraceuticals and food supplements.

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Section: Phenolic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorella and Spirulina Microalgae as Sources of Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Food Supplements; an Overview

Andrade

Dias

et al. 2018

MOJFPT

204

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Namely, with a rise in temperature, the viscosity and surface tension of water decrease, whereas its diffusivity rises, allowing better penetration of solvents into the material and thereby improving the extraction of components. Furthermore, the solubility and diffusion coefficients of polyphenols rise with temperature, providing a higher extraction rate …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was determined that during SWE, owing to high temperatures, the formation of new antioxidant compounds can occur . Zakaria et al . investigated the impact of extraction temperature (100–250 °C), time (5–20 min) and microalga concentration (5–20 wt%) on the phenol content and antioxidant activity of Chlorella sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scenedesmus obliquusmicroalga‐based biorefinery – from brewery effluent to bioactive compounds, biofuels and biofertilizers – aiming at a circular bioeconomy

Ferreira

Ribeiro

Ferreira

et al. 2019

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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The circular bioeconomy concept relies on the exploitation of wastes as a feedstock of different biotechnological processes to obtain, as much as possible, a huge spectrum of biochemical components through a biorefinery platform. This work deals with the treatment of brewery effluent through the cultivation of Scenedesmus obliquus microalga and the use of the biomass in a complex biorefinery. The treatment proved efficient in the removal of nutrients (N, P and COD removals of 88, 30 and 71% respectively). Several compounds and products were obtained from the biomass, such as: (a) phenols (0.249-1.016 mg GAE mL −1 ) and flavonoids (0.05-0.167 mg CE mL −1 ) by subcritical water extraction (SWE) at 120 °C, the extraction efficiency being five times higher at 200 °C; (b) biohydrogen by dark fermentation (67.1 mL H 2 g VS −1 ); (c) bio-oil (64%), biochar (30%) and biogas (6%) by pyrolysis; and (d) enhanced capacity of germination/growth of wheat and barley seeds by S. obliquus culture and biomass (pellet, after centrifugation); better results were obtained with the biomass cultivated in brewery effluent (when compared with synthetic medium), and the biomass pellet was better than the whole culture; barley seeds 1170 A Ferreira et al.In the Field: Scenedesmus obliquus microalga-based biorefinery aiming at a circular bioeconomy treated with the pellet from the brewery effluent had the highest germination index (GI) of 85 compared with the control (tap water) GI of 35. The innovative study emphasis was on reducing microalgae production costs, providing environmental benefits in a biorefinery-based S. obliquus platform.

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“…When the ethanol concentration was fixed at 80% (v/v), the reducing power increased with the increasing temperature and time up to 55 °C and 100 min, which then started to declined slowly as the temperature and time increased up to 65 °C and 120 min as shown in Figure 2a. Although a high temperature mobilizes antioxidant compounds up to a certain limit, it also promotes the possible concurrent decomposition of antioxidants which were already mobilized at lower temperatures [22]. At constant time, the maximum reducing power of the red pitaya peels was attained at around 55-57 °C and at an ethanol concentration of 75-80% (v/v), respectively (Figure 2b).…”

Section: Ferric Ion Antioxidant Reducing Power (Frap)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of the Antioxidant Potentials of Red Pitaya Peels and Its In Vitro Skin Whitening Properties

et al. 2018

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In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for the optimization of the antioxidant potentials of red pitaya peels using independent variables: temperature (45–65 °C), ethanol concentration (70–90%, v/v) and time (80–120 min) through its responses, which were DPPH scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and beta-carotene bleaching (BCB) inhibition, respectively. In Vitro anti-tyrosinase and vitamin C content assays were carried out spectrophotometrically to determine the skin whitening efficacy of the optimized red pitaya peel extract. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was employed to identify the chemical constituents present in the optimized extract. The optimized conditions were ethanol 82% (v/v) for 103 min at 56 °C with values of 75.98% for DPPH, 7.45 mM Fe2+/g dry weight for FRAP and 93.29% for BCB respectively. The in vitro anti-tyrosinase and vitamin C content evaluation of the optimized extract showed a good tyrosinase inhibition of 66.29% with IC50 of 24.06 µg/mL while the vitamin C content was 5.45 mg/g of the extract. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of thirty phytoconstituents with l-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate being the most abundant with a peak area of 14.66%. This study evidently suggests the potential of red pitaya peels to be exploited as a natural skin whitening agent in the cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical formulations.

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Subcritical Water Technology for Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Chlorella sp. Microalgae and Assessment on Its Antioxidant Activity

Cited by 60 publications

References 39 publications

Chlorella and Spirulina Microalgae as Sources of Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Food Supplements; an Overview

Chlorella and Spirulina Microalgae as Sources of Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Food Supplements; an Overview

Scenedesmus obliquusmicroalga‐based biorefinery – from brewery effluent to bioactive compounds, biofuels and biofertilizers – aiming at a circular bioeconomy

Optimization of the Antioxidant Potentials of Red Pitaya Peels and Its In Vitro Skin Whitening Properties

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