Subgingival dysbiosis in smoker and non-smoker patients with chronic periodontitis

Abstract

Periodontitis is one of the most common oral inflammatory diseases, and results in connective tissue degradation and gradual tooth loss. It manifests with formation of periodontal pockets, in which anaerobic and Gram-negative bacteria proliferate rapidly. Consequently, alteration of the subgingival microbiota is considered the primary etiologic agent of periodontitis. Previous studies have reported that smokers are at increased risk of periodontal disease, in both prevalence and severity, indicating that smoking is a risk factor for the onset and progression of the pathology. In the present study, 16S rRNA sequencing was employed to assess the subgingival microbiota in 6 smoker patients with chronic periodontitis, 6 non-smoker patients with chronic periodontitis and 8 healthy controls. The results demonstrated significant alterations in the microbial structure of periodontitis patients. High relative abundance of Parvimonans, Desulfubulbus, Paludibacter, Haemophilus, and Sphaerochaeta genera characterized subgingival microbiota of periodontitis patients, both smokers and non-smokers. Due to the high precision and sensitivity of the 16S rRNA sequencing method, analysis for low-abundant genera (including Pedobacter, Granulicatella, Paracoccus, Atopobium, Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, Oridobacteriu, Peptococcus, Oscillospira and Akkermansia) was feasible, and revealed novel phylotypes associated with periodontitis. Of note, a major microbial community alteration was evident in smoker patients, suggesting an association between smoking and severity of subgingival dysbiosis. The present study confirmed that chronic periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease where changes in the equilibrium of subgingival microbiota contribute to severity of pathology.

Comparison of intraoral biofilm reduction on silver-coated and silver ion-implanted stainless steel bracket material

“…In addition, the test subjects did not present any other risk factors that could adjust the composition of the microbial flora, such as pregnancy or smoking [9, 15, 30]. …”

Effect of smoking on the DNA methylation pattern of the SOCS1 promoter in epithelial cells from the saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis

“…Among the environmental factors involved in periodontitis, oral epithelial injury caused by the overgrowth of commensal microorganisms (dysbiosis) is considered the initiator of periodontal destruction, while smoking modulates disease progression . Indeed, smoking is a major risk factor and has been shown to stimulate periodontal destruction and increase the risk of periodontitis in young adults .…”

“…2 Among the environmental factors involved in periodontitis, oral epithelial injury caused by the overgrowth of commensal microorganisms (dysbiosis) is considered the initiator of periodontal destruction, while smoking modulates disease progression. 3,4 Indeed, smoking is a major risk factor and has been shown to stimulate periodontal destruction and increase the risk of periodontitis in young adults. 5 Based on epidemiological studies, smokers have more severe chronic periodontitis (CP) than non-smokers and the relationship is dose-dependent, both in terms of the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years of smoking.…”

Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in gestational diabetes mellitus and survival in tobacco smokers.

“…These studies suggest that there exists an association between smoking and subgingival dysbiosis. Dysbiosis in smokers plays a significant role in the increased severity of periodontitis [345].…”

“…In a study by Coretti et al, analysis of the putative biological functions of subgingival microbial communities in smokers having periodontitis, non-smokers with periodontitis and healthy individuals was performed [345]. In the microbiota of healthy subjects, enzymes for biosynthesis and biodegradation of secondary metabolites, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis were upregulated.…”