Subgingival microbiota levels and their associations with periodontal status at the sampled sites in an adult Sudanese population using miswak or toothbrush regularly

Abstract

Little information is available on the effect of miswak use on gingival microbiota. We assessed levels of 28 oral bacteria in subgingival plaque of adult Sudanese miswak (n = 38) and toothbrush users (n = 36) age range 20-53 years (mean 34.6 years) to study associations between these bacteria, oral hygiene method, and periodontal status at the sampled sites. A pooled subgingival plaque sample from 6 probing sites of 1 selected tooth in each jaw was obtained from each subject. Whole genomic DNA probes and the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization were used in assessing 74 pooled samples. Using 10(5) bacterial cells threshold, between 2.6% and 47.4% of miswak users and between 2.8% and 36.1% of toothbrush users harbored the investigated species. The percentages of subjects with the investigated species at 10(6) bacterial cells varied between 2.6% and 39.5% in miswak and between 2.8% and 36.1% in toothbrush users. Miswak users harbored significantly higher Streptococcus intermedius, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Veillonella parvula, Actinomyces israelii, and Capnocytophaga gingivalis, and significantly lower Selenomonas sputigena, Streptococcus salivarius, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Streptococcus oralis than did toothbrush users. Probing pocket depth > or = 6 mm showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Bacteroides forsythus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and V. parvula than those 4-5 mm. Our results indicate that the type of oral hygiene had a significant effect on levels of 11 out of 28 bacterial species, and that the type of effect was also dependent on type of bacteria and probing pocket depth.

Detection of antibacterial activities of Miswak, Kalonji and Aloe vera against oral pathogens & anti-proliferative activity against cancer cell line

“…But there are inconsistent reports regarding herbal activities. These variation in the activity of herb results are comparable with other studies including Teka et al [32], Darout et al [22], Bakathir and Abbas [33], Togan et al [18], Khan et al [14]. Findings of these authors suggest that variation in results of herbs when applied against organism can come due to many reasons for example geographical location, harvesting conditions, chemical constituents and use of different techniques of extraction.…”

“…Production of synthetic drugs effectively improves the health care facilities around the world. In developing countries still local herbal products are common to treat a lot of diseased conditions due to their cost effectiveness and less side effects [22]. Fabricant & Farnsworth in 2001 reported active compounds obtained from herbal products have 80% correlation between their traditional use and use in modern therapeutics [16, 23].…”

Short term clinical effect of active and inactive Salvadora persica miswak on dental plaque and gingivitis

“…Using the checkerboard hybridization technique to compare subgingival plaque samples of regular miswak and toothbrush users, Darout et al (2003) reported significantly higher Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in the plaque of regular miswak users (Darout et al, 2003). In a clinical, controlled, cross-over study, Al-Otaibi et al (2004), using the same technique to compare subgingival plaque samples of miswak and toothbrush groups and reported significantly lower Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans the miswak group (Al-Otaibi et al, 2004).…”

In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of Algerian Hoggar Salvadora persica L. extracts against microbial strains from children's oral cavity

“…For these reasons, the World Health Organization recommends the use of chewing sticks as an effective tool for oral hygiene in areas where such use is customary (Sofrata et al, 2007). Thus, during recent years, many researchers throughout the world have studied miswak as a helpful plant in mouth and tooth hygiene and have demonstrated the antimicrobial, anti-caries and anti-periopathic properties of aqueous extracts of various chewing sticks (Gazi et al, 1990;Al-Lafi and Ababneh, 1995;Darout et al, 2003;Sarfaraz Khan et al, 2009;Sofrata et al, 2011).…”