Subgingival Microbiota of Mexicans with Type 2 Diabetes with Different Periodontal and Metabolic Conditions

Abstract

Background: Type-2-Diabetes (T2D) and Periodontitis are major inflammatory diseases. However, not much is known about the specific subgingival microbiota in Mexicans with diabetes and metabolic dysbiosis. The aim of this study was to describe the subgingival microbiota of Mexicans with T2D and the different periodontal and metabolic conditions, through “Checkerboard” DNA–DNA hybridization. Methods: Subjects were divided into two groups—periodontal-health (PH) (PH_non-T2D; n = 59, PH_T2D; n = 14) and generalized-periodontitis (GP) (GP_non-T2D; n = 67, GP_T2D; n = 38). Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and serum levels of glycated-hemoglobin (HbA1c), total-lipids, triglycerides, total-cholesterol, high-density-lipids, and low-density-lipids were measured for the T2D individuals. Subgingival microbial identification was processed for 40 species through DNA-probes. Results: Subjects with T2D harbored significantly higher mean total levels (PH: p < 0.001, and GP_NS), a lower proportion of “red” complex (GP: p < 0.01), a higher proportion of “yellow” (GP; p < 0.001), and “orange” (GP; p < 0.01) complex than the non-T2D. GP_T2D individuals exhibited a greater proportion of putative-species—Campylobacter gracilis and S. constellatus (p < 0.001), and Parvimonas micra and Prevotella nigrescens (p < 0.01), than GP_non-T2D. T2D individuals with HbA1c > 8% had presented significantly higher mean pocket-depth and higher levels of G. morbillorum (p < 0.05) and those with obesity or dyslipidemia harbored higher levels, prevalence, or proportion of Streptococcus sp., Actinomyces sp., and Capnocytophaga sp. Conclusions: T2D individuals harbored a particular microbial profile different to non-T2D microbiota. Metabolic control was related to dysbiosis of microbiota—HbA1c>8% related to periodontitis and obesity or dyslipidemia with the predominance of saccharolytic bacteria, irrespective of their periodontal condition.

Association between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis: The role of lipids, inflammatory cytokines, altered host response, and the microbiome

“…forsythia ). 203 , 204 On the other hand, Rodriguez‐Hernandez et al 205 found a decrease in red complex bacteria in Mexican individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with normoglycemic individuals with periodontitis. However, individuals with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis had higher levels of the yellow and orange complexes.…”

“…However, individuals with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis had higher levels of the yellow and orange complexes. 205 There are also some contradictions among different studies when analyzing individual bacterial species. For instance, Po.…”

“…However, individuals with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis had higher levels of the yellow and orange complexes. 205 …”

Screening for prevalence and abundance of Capnocytophaga spp by analyzing NGS data: A scoping review

“…Before the extensive use of high-throughput sequencing, culture-based methods and DNA-DNA hybridization checkerboard-based techniques were widely used and already affirmed the predominance of Capnocytophaga spp. in gingivitis (Testa, 2016), diabetes (Rodriguez-Hernandez et al, 2019), and cancer (Jolivet-Gougeon et al, 2005, Jolivet-Gougeon et al, 2008 Accepted Article Hu et al, 2013a, Hu et al, 2013b. This bibliographic study has shown the role of Capnocytophaga spp.…”

Glycated hemoglobin influence on periodontal status, pathogens and salivary interleukins in type II diabetic Tunisian subjects with chronic periodontitis

“…A Mexican study found, unlike our results, that TIID subjects with generalized periodontitis had a lower percentage of the red complex than non-TIID subjects. 40 A British survey showed no impact of diabetes on the prevalence of Aa and Pg. 29 In addition to a Chinese report, according to our results, Tf are considered to be periodontitis-related bacteria.…”