and the current review conclude that AoA effects are likely to have three potential sources: first, due to plasticity mechanisms within the connections between levels of representations (between perceptual/orthography, semantic and/or phonology), second, through the levels of connectivity within the semantic system, and third, competition between concepts within the semantic system, such that a unique concept must be chosen from its competitors or several word candidates). However, within this review we have taken the second source and subsumed it under a "multiple loci" account such that the AoA effect is situated in more than one specific linguistic system (i.e., perceptual/orthographic, semantic and phonological). It should be noted that these three sources can be viewed as M. M. Elsherif https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0540-3998 We thank Magdalena Grose-Hodge and Vikki Anderson for proofreading the article.